What Is The Role Of Rna Polymerase In Protein Synthesis – DNA polymerase catalyzes the process of DNA replication and repair during cellular respiration. Learn about DNA polymerase function, structure and types.

To replicate the DNA, DNA polymerase reads consecutive bases on a template strand before attaching complementary bases to the 3′ end of a growing new strand. There are three rules that govern the action of DNA polymerase:

What Is The Role Of Rna Polymerase In Protein Synthesis

DNA Polymerase is the enzyme responsible for replicating DNA. It “reads” the nucleotide sequence of a template strand and constructs a complementary strand to pair with it, forming a complete double-stranded DNA molecule.

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In eukaryotes, the major DNA polymerase is DNA Pol III. This enzyme is responsible for most of DNA replication on both the leading and lagging strands.

In eukaryotes, this job is shared by DNA Pol ε on the leading strand and DNA Pol δ on the lagging strand. Both of these synthesize the majority of the new DNA strands.

For all living things, reproduction (either of cells or of whole organisms) begins with first copying its DNA as accurately as possible. This important process is accomplished by the enzyme DNA polymerase. DNA polymerase is the multi-subunit enzyme responsible for replicating DNA—for turning one strand of a DNA sequence into a complete, double-stranded molecule using the base-pairing rules explained by Watson and Crick. DNA polymerase also checks and, if necessary, corrects the newly constructed DNA strand to remove any incorrect nucleotides.

Our body is composed of millions of cells that contain their own copy of our DNA. The amazing thing is that we all started as a single cell with the original copy of our DNA. From that one cell, other cells were produced, and each received a copy of the DNA. So, how did this amazing thing happen? Now, just before a cell splits into two cells, the DNA is copied in a process known as DNA replication. There is replication machinery that includes the enzyme DNA polymerase. DNA polymerase is responsible for making new copies of our DNA. Let’s take a closer look at how this happens.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (pcr): Steps, Types, Applications • Microbe Online

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There are many different types of DNA polymerases, each with its own structure and specific function (see below). All replicate and/or repair the DNA molecule, but each has specific times and types of organisms in which it works. However, certain structural features are conserved across all DNA polymerase molecules:

DNA Pol III (Pol is a common abbreviation for polymerase) is a very important and well-studied example of a DNA polymerase; it is the primary enzyme responsible for DNA replication in prokaryotic bacteria. DNA Pol III is a holoenzyme; it is composed of many different subunits. The function of each subunit can be found below the picture of DNA Pol III

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Holds onto the template DNA strand (The DNA strand fits into the small gap between each alpha and beta subunit)

Manipulates the lagging strand during replication; bound to the χ and ψ subunits whose functions are still to be determined

The most important thing to note is that the DNA Pol III enzyme is a dimer; it has two copies of most parts (eg the α, ε, θ, β, and τ subunits above) and can replicate two strands of DNA simultaneously. This helps coordinate the simultaneous replication of the leading and lagging strands of DNA replication.

The picture below is a computer model of the structure of Taq polymerase, the DNA polymerase found in the Thermus aquaticus bacteria and used in bioengineering and genetic research. Each of the subunits in the molecule is colored a different color.

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DNA polymerase is most famous for its main role in DNA replication, where it is responsible for using the sequence of the template strand to accurately construct a complementary sequence.

It is important to remember that DNA replication is semi-conservative, meaning that each “new” DNA molecule produced in DNA replication is actually made of one old strand and one new strand. This is demonstrated in the image below – the two new daughter DNA molecules each contain one of the original “old” (blue) DNA strands, paired with one newly-synthesized pink “new” DNA strand.

This means that DNA replication must begin by separating the two strands of the original DNA molecule. This is achieved by two enzymes: topoisomerase, which untwists the helical molecule, and helicase, the “unzipper” that breaks the hydrogen bonds and separates the two strands. These two enzymes are shown in the figure “Eukaryote DNA Replication” – topoisomerase is the orange enzyme near the top of the figure and helicase is the green enzyme directly below it (labeled “CMG Helicase”).

All the different enzymes – including the different types of DNA polymerase – involved in eukaryotic DNA replication

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Once the two DNA strands are separated by the helicase, RNA primers are created by the enzyme primase. These primers are necessary because DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to an existing strand; it cannot start de novo. it requires a short (~20 nucleotide) primer, which during DNA replication is usually made from RNA nucleotides by the enzyme primase.

Because of this third rule, all DNA synthesis must occur in the 5′ → 3′ direction. Since the two strands of each DNA molecule are antiparallel, this in turn requires the differential replication of the leading strand and the lagging strand, as shown in the figure. For more information on the differences between these two strands, see the article on the process of DNA replication

DNA polymerase can add nucleotides to a growing molecule at a rate of about one per second, and it is very precise – DNA polymerase only makes a mistake in replication once every 1010 nucleotides. Part of the reason for this amazing level of accuracy is that DNA polymerase has a proofreading ability – it can remove mispaired nucleotides via a 3′ exonuclease subunit (an exonuclease is any enzyme that can cut nucleotides from the end of a DNA molecule; an endonuclease makes cuts in the interior of the molecule). This exonuclease ability is demonstrated in the figure below, where a mismatched A nucleotide must be removed from the growing DNA chain.

Sometimes errors in DNA sequences occur, either due to mistakes made during DNA replication or due to exposure to chemical mutagens such as cigarette smoke. DNA polymerase also has an important role in repairing these errors. The most common methods of repairing damaged DNA bases are base excision repair (for small edits) and nucleotide excision repair for larger errors (eg thymine dimers caused by UV radiation). The basic excision repair process is shown in the figure, but the overall processes for both are similar

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Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have many specialized DNA polymerase genes and enzymes specifically designated for certain tasks. Scientists still occasionally discover, characterize and classify new DNA polymerases in various organisms. The major prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA polymerases are described below.

The process of DNA replication was first elucidated in E. coli, and prokaryotic DNA polymerases are still among the most studied and best understood

More than ten different DNA polymerases have been identified in humans, all with different specific functions. The most important of these are described below.

DNA polymerase is the enzyme responsible for replicating DNA—for using a template strand to build a complementary sequence of nucleotides, creating a double-stranded DNA molecule. DNA polymerase can also probe the new strand once it is made and is involved in repairing DNA damage and mutations.

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DNA replication is semi-conservative; each “new” DNA molecule contains one “old” template strand and one “new” strand constructed by DNA polymerase. DNA replication begins with the original DNA molecule being split into two separate strands by the enzyme helicase. Each strand then receives a short RNA primer, made by the enzyme primase. DNA polymerase then attaches to this primer and replicates the remaining DNA, forming two double-stranded molecules.

DNA polymerase can only attach nucleotides to the 3′-OH (hydroxyl) group of an existing nucleotide chain. This means that DNA replication can only occur in the 3′ → 5′ direction.

DNA polymerase is also able to correct DNA, or repair base pair mismatch errors made during replication. Wrong bases are removed by 3′ exonuclease ability of some DNA polymerase enzymes. DNA polymerase also functions in DNA repair by filling in gaps created by endonucleases that remove damaged or mutated bases.

Before DNA polymerase can begin copying the DNA, it must have access to the nucleotide bases that make up the DNA. Our DNA is made of two strands of DNA joined together by hydrogen bonds. As you may remember, our DNA is normally in the double helix formation, which looks a lot like a winding staircase. To expose the nucleotides, DNA helicase enters and unwinds the DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds that hold the two strands together.

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This allows the

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