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Is a farming system that uses fertilizers of organic origin such as compost, gre dung and bone meal and emphasizes techniques such as crop rotation and side planting. It emerged early in the 20th century in response to rapidly changing agricultural practices. Certified organic agriculture accounts for 70 million hectares (170 million acres) worldwide, with more than half of that total in Australia.

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Organic farming is being developed by various organizations today. Biological pest control, mixed cropping, and the promotion of insect predators are encouraged. Organic standards are designed to allow the use of naturally occurring substances, while prohibiting or strictly limiting synthetic substances.

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For example, naturally occurring pesticides such as pyrethrin are permitted, while synthetic fertilizers and pesticides are generally prohibited. Synthetic substances that are allowed are for example copper sulphate, elemental sulfur and ivermectin. Genetically modified organisms, nanomaterials, human sewage sludge, plant growth regulators, hormones, and antibiotic use in animal husbandry are prohibited.

Organic farming methods are internationally regulated and legally enforced by transnational organizations (such as the European Union) and many nations, largely based on the standards set by the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movemts (IFOAM), an international umbrella organization for organic farming organizations founded in 1972.

Organic agriculture can be defined as “an integrated agricultural system that strives for sustainability, the hancemt of soil fertility and biological diversity, while, with rare exceptions, synthetic pesticides, antibiotics, synthetic fertilizers, genetically modified organisms, and growth hormones are banned”.

Since 1990, the market for organic food and other products has grown rapidly, reaching $63 billion worldwide in 2012.

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This demand has driven a similar increase in organically managed agricultural land which grew from 2001 to 2011 at a compound rate of 8.9% per year.

As of 2020, approximately 75,000,000 hectares (190,000,000 acres) were cultivated organically worldwide, representing approximately 1.6% of the total world arable land.

Organic farming can be useful for biodiversity and environmental protection at the local level. Because organic farming sometimes has lower yields compared to intensive farming, however, in other places in the world additional agricultural land is needed, which means that natural and forest land must be converted to agricultural land. This can cause loss of biodiversity and negative climate effects that sometimes outweigh the local environmental gains achieved. These lower yields do not include drylands.

Agriculture was practiced for thousands of years without the use of artificial chemicals. Artificial fertilizers were first developed in the mid-19th century. These early fertilizers were cheap, potent and easy to transport in bulk. Similar advances occurred in chemical pesticides in the 1940s, leading to the decade dubbed the ‘pesticide era’.

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These new agricultural techniques, while useful in the short term, had serious long-term side effects such as soil compaction, erosion, and a decrease in overall soil fertility, along with health concerns about toxic chemicals depleting the food supply.

In the late 1800s and early 1900s, soil biologists began to look for ways to remedy these side effects while still maintaining higher production.

Accomplished botanists, founded an Institute of Plant Industry to improve traditional agricultural methods in India. Among other things, they brought improved implements and improved animal husbandry methods from their scientific training; th by incorporating aspects of Indian traditional methods, developed protocols for the rotation of crops, erosion prevention techniques, and the systematic use of compost and manure.

In 1924 Rudolf Steiner gave a series of eight lectures on agriculture with a focus on influences of the moon, planets, non-physical beings and elemental forces.

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They were held in response to a request from concerned farmers who noted destroyed soil conditions and a deterioration of the health and quality of crops and livestock as a result of the use of chemical fertilizers.

The lectures were published in November 1924; the first English translation appeared in 1928 as The Agriculture Course.

In July 1939, Ehrfried Pfeiffer, the author of the standard work on biodynamic agriculture (Bio-Dynamische Farming and Garding),

Came to the UK at the invitation of Walter James, 4th Baron Northbourne as a presenter at the Betteshanger Summer School and Conference on Biodynamic Farming at Northbourne’s farm in Kt.

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One of the main goals of the conference was to bring together the proponents of different approaches to organic farming, so that they can work together in a larger movement. Howard attended the conference, where he met Pfeiffer.

In the following year, Northbourne published his organic farming manifesto, Look to the Land, in which he coined the term “organic farming”. The Betteshanger conference has been described as the ‘missing link’ between biodynamic agriculture and other forms of organic agriculture.

In 1940 Howard published his An Agricultural Testamt. In this book he adopted Northbourne’s terminology of “organic farming”.

Howard’s work spread widely, and he became known as the “father of organic farming” for his work in applying scientific knowledge and principles to various traditional and natural methods.

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In the United States J. I. Rodale, who was very interested in both Howard’s ideas and in biodynamics,

Founded in the 1940s both a working biological farm for trials and experiments, The Rodale Institute, and Rodale, Inc. These became important influences on the spread of organic agriculture. Further work was done by Lady Eve Balfour (the Haughley Experiment) in the UK, and many others around the world.

The term “eco-agriculture” was coined in 1970 by Charles Walters, founder of Acres Magazine, to describe agriculture that uses no “man-made molecules of toxic rescue chemistry,” effectively another name for organic farming.

Increasing vironmtal awareness in the general population in modern times has transformed the original supply-driven organic movement into a demand-driven one. Premium prices and some government subsidies attracted farmers. In the developing world, many producers farm according to traditional methods that are comparable to organic farming, but not certified, and that may not include the latest scientific advances in organic farming. In other cases, farmers in the developing world have switched to modern organic methods for economic reasons.

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The use of “organic” popularized by Howard and Rodale refers more closely to the use of organic matter derived from plant compost and animal manure to improve the humus content of soil, based on the work of early soil scientists who developed what was called “humus farming”. “. Since the early 1940s, the two camps have attempted to merge.

Biodynamic agriculturalists, on the other hand, used the term “organic” to indicate that a farm should be viewed as a living organism,

“An organic farm, strictly speaking, is not one that uses certain methods and substances and avoids others; it is a farm whose structure is formed in imitation of the structure of a natural system that maintains the integrity, the independence and the great depdce hath of an organism”— Wdell Berry, “The Gift of Good Land”

“Organic agriculture is a production system that maintains the health of soil, ecosystems and people. It relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to local conditions, instead of using inputs with adverse effects. Organic agriculture combines tradition, innovation and science. to fit the shared vironmt and promote fair relations and a good quality of life for all involved…”— International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movemts[43]

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Organic farming methods combine scientific knowledge of ecology and some modern technology with traditional farming practices based on naturally occurring biological processes. Biological farming methods are studied in the field of agroecology. While conventional agriculture uses synthetic pesticides and water-soluble synthetically purified fertilizers, organic farmers are restricted by regulations to using natural pesticides and fertilizers. An example of a natural pesticide is pyrethrin, which is found naturally in the Chrysanthemum flower. The main methods of organic farming include crop rotation, green manure and compost, biological pest control, and mechanical cultivation. These measures use the natural environment to increase agricultural productivity: legumes are planted to fix nitrogen in the soil, natural predators of insects are encouraged, crops are rotated to avoid pests and soil, and natural materials such as potassium bicarbonate

While organic is fundamentally different from convtional because of the use of carbon-based fertilizers compared to highly soluble synthetic based fertilizers and biological pest control instead of synthetic pesticides, organic agriculture and large-scale convtional agriculture are not necessarily mutually exclusive. Many of the methods developed for organic farming have been borrowed by more conventional farming. For example, Integrated Pest Managemt is a multifaceted strategy that uses various organic methods of pest control where possible, but in convtional agriculture could include synthetic pesticides only as a last resort.

Examples of beneficial insects used in organic farming are ladybugs and lacewings, both of which feed on aphids. The use of IPM reduces the possibility of pest development of resistance to pesticides that are applied to crops.

Organic farming encourages crop diversity. The science of Agroecology has revealed the advantages of polyculture (multiple crops in the same space), which is often used in organic farming.

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