What Effect Does Carbon Dioxide Have On Tap Water – Cattle are often thought to contribute to climate change by belching the greenhouse gas methane (CH4). While this is true, cattle do belch methane, which is actually part of an important natural cycle known as the biogenic carbon cycle.

The biogenic carbon cycle focuses on the ability of plants to absorb and sequester carbon. Plants have the unique ability to remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere and store that carbon in the plant’s leaves, roots, and stems. This process is known as photosynthesis and is central to the biogenic carbon cycle.

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When plants undergo photosynthesis, carbon is primarily converted to cellulose, a form of carbohydrate that is one of the main building blocks of growing plants. Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound in the world and is found in all grasses, shrubs, crops and trees. Cellulose content is particularly high in grasses and shrubs found in marginal lands where cereals and other human edible crops cannot be grown. Two-thirds of agricultural land is marginal, dense grasses with cellulose indigestible to humans. But guess who can digest cellulose?

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Cattle are built to digest cellulose. They can eat grasses and other plants high in cellulose and digest the carbon stored in cellulose through enteric fermentation. Cattle can use that carbon by upcycling cellulose for growth, milk production, and other metabolic processes.

As a byproduct of consuming cellulose, cattle excrete methane, thereby returning carbon sequestered by plants back into the atmosphere. After about ten years, that methane breaks down and turns back into CO2. Once converted to CO2, plants can re-photosynthesize and convert that carbon back into cellulose. From here, livestock can eat the plants and the cycle begins again. In essence, methane from livestock adds no new carbon to the atmosphere. Instead, it is part of the natural cycling of carbon through the biogenic carbon cycle.

The biogenic carbon cycle is a relatively fast cycle. That is, carbon cycles between plants and the atmosphere over short periods of time, usually a few years to a few decades. In the case of cattle, this cycle is about ten years. In comparison, the transfer of carbon between the atmosphere and geological reserves (soil, deep ocean, rocks, etc.) takes millennia, 1000 or more years. Hence, why extracting and burning fossil fuels (ie geological reserves) has a much greater impact on our climate than the biogenic carbon cycle.

It takes 1000 years for the CO2 released from the combustion of fossil fuels to be re-deposited into geological reserves. Cattle belched methane takes ten times (10x) the time to redeposit into plant matter. To put this in perspective, the CO2 emitted from driving your car today will remain in the atmosphere, warming our climate, for longer than the lifetime of you, your children, or your grandchildren. Therefore, burning fossil fuels has a long-term impact on our climate that is far more significant than methane emissions from livestock, which are part of the short-term biogenic carbon cycle.

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As for methane, methane is a powerful gas that does not measure GWP100, packing 28 times that of carbon dioxide. But that sound bite fails to account for the nature of gases in the atmosphere. Power comparisons may be valid, but not at the expense of shedding light on heating effects.

Do you like to eat Do you want to breathe clean air and be confident that our planet will be in acceptable or good shape for our children, their children, and many generations after them?

Call me innocent; I believe you will. As a professor and extension specialist at the University of California, Davis, I have the privilege of working on these issues and helping the public, media and thought leaders better understand the role of agriculture in feeding our world, as well as focusing on clean air. And a healthy climate.

I won’t tell you what to think, and I certainly won’t tell you what to eat. It is a personal decision based on many factors. What I do is present the latest and most accurate research on animal agriculture and air quality in relation to climate. Scientists at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) have introduced a new technique modeled on a metabolic process found in some bacteria. , to convert carbon dioxide (CO2) into liquid acetate, a key component of solar fuels produced by “liquid sunlight” or artificial photosynthesis.

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It is also the first demonstration of a device that mimics how these bacteria naturally synthesize acetate from electrons and CO2.

“What’s amazing is that we’ve learned how these tiny microbes naturally mimic how they convert carbon dioxide into acetate,” said Peidong Yang, senior faculty scientist and professor in Berkeley Lab’s Department of Materials Sciences. Science and Engineering at UC Berkeley.

“Everything we do in my lab to convert CO2 into useful products is inspired by nature. It is part of the solution to mitigating CO2 emissions and fighting climate change. – Peidong Yang, Berkeley Lab Senior Faculty Scientist, Materials Science Division

For decades, researchers have known that a metabolic pathway in some bacteria allows electrons and CO2 to be burned to produce acetate, a reaction driven by electrons. The pathway splits the CO2 molecule into two different or “asymmetric” chemical groups: a carbonyl group (CO) or a methyl group (CH3). Enzymes in this reaction pathway enable the carbons in CO and CH3 to bond, or “couple,” to another catalytic reaction that produces acetate as the end product.

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Researchers in the field of artificial photosynthesis want to develop devices that mimic the pathway — called asymmetric carbon-carbon coupling — but finding synthetic electrocatalysts that work as efficiently as bacteria’s natural enzymatic catalysts has been challenging.

“But we thought, if these microbes can do that, one should be able to mimic them in the lab,” Yang said.

Copper’s ability to convert carbon into a variety of useful products was first discovered in the 1970s. Based on those previous studies, Yang and his team reasoned that artificial photosynthesis devices equipped with a copper catalyst could convert CO2 and water into methyl and carbonyl groups and then convert these products into acetate. So for an experiment, Yang and his team designed a model device with a copper surface; Then, they exposed the copper surface to liquid methyl iodide (CH3I) and CO gas and applied an electrical bias to the system.

The researchers hypothesized that CO adheres to the copper surface, resulting in the asymmetric combination of CO and CH3 groups to produce acetate. Isotope-labeled CH3I was used in experiments to track the reaction pathway and end products. (An isotope is an atom that has more or fewer neutrons (uncharged particles) in its nucleus than other atoms of an element.)

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They were right. Chemical analytical experiments in Yang’s UC Berkeley lab revealed that the coupling of copper’s carbonyl and methyl groups produces not only acetate, but also other valuable liquids, including ethanol and acetone. Isotopic tracking allowed the researchers to confirm that the acetate was formed by the combination of CO and CH3.

Electron microscopy images of 7-nanometer diameter copper nanoparticles (shown left) and silver nanoparticles (center). Right: Electron microscopy image of an ultrathin material synthesized from copper and silver nanoparticles that can be combined with light-absorbing silicon nanowires for the design of efficient artificial photosynthesis systems. (Credit: Peidong Yang/Berkeley Lab; courtesy of Nature Catalysis)

In another experiment, the researchers synthesized an ultrathin material from a solution of copper and silver nanoparticles, each just 7 nanometers (billionths of a meter) in diameter. The researchers then designed another model device, this time layered with a nanoparticle thin material.

As expected, the electrical bias triggered a reaction, prompting the silver nanoparticles to convert CO2 into a carbonyl group, while the copper nanoparticles converted CO2 into a methyl group. Subsequent analyzes in the Yang lab revealed that another reaction between CO and CH3 (desired asymmetric coupling) synthesized acetate-like liquid products.

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Through electron microscopy experiments at the molecular foundry, the researchers realized that the copper and silver nanoparticles are in close contact with each other, forming tandem systems, and that the copper nanoparticles serve as the catalyst for asymmetric coupling.

Future designs of efficient artificial photosynthesis systems could link these copper-silver nanoparticles to light-absorbing silicon nanowires, Yang said.

In 2015, Yang led a study that demonstrated an artificial photosynthesis system consisting of semiconductor nanowires and bacteria using sunlight energy to produce acetate from carbon dioxide and water. The discovery had significant implications for a growing field in which researchers have spent decades searching for better chemical reactions to produce high yields of liquid products from CO2.

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