General Structure And Function Of The Nervous System – The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. The brain and spinal cord are protected by bony structures, membranes, and fluids. The brain is held in the cranial cavity of the skull and consists of the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the brainstem. The nerves involved are cranial nerves and spinal nerves.

The nervous system has three main functions: sensory input, data integration and motor output. Sensory input is when the body gathers information or data, through neurons, glia and synapses. The nervous system is made up of excitable nerve cells (neurons) and synapses that form between the neurons and connect them to centers throughout the body or to other neurons. These neurons act on either excitation or inhibition, and although nerve cells can vary in size and location, their communication with each other determines their function. These nerves send impulses from sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord. The data is then processed through data integration, which occurs only in the brain. After the brain processes the information, impulses are sent from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands, called motor output. Glia cells are found within tissues and are not excitable but help with myelination, ion regulation and extracellular fluid.

General Structure And Function Of The Nervous System

The nervous system is made up of two major parts, or subdivisions, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord. The brain is the “control center” of the body. The CNS has various centers located within it that perform sensory, motor and data integration. These centers can be subdivided into Lower Centers (including the spinal cord and brain stem) and Higher Centers that communicate with the brain through effectors.

Central Nervous System: How It Functions, Structure

The PNS is a vast network of spinal and cranial nerves connected to the brain and spinal cord. There are sensory receptors that help process changes in the internal and external environment. This information is sent to the CNS via various sensory nerves. The PNS is then subdivided into the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system. The autonomic has involuntary control of internal organs, blood vessels, smooth and cardiac muscles. The somatic has voluntary control of skin, bones, joints, and skeletal muscle. Both systems work together, through nerves from the PNS entering the CNS and becoming part of the CNS, and vice versa.

The central nervous system (CNS) makes up most of the nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord. Along with the peripheral nervous system (PNS), it plays a fundamental role in the control of behavior.

When the central nervous system is damaged or when peripheral nerves become entrapped, there can be a variety of effects. It can increase or decrease the functionality of your internal organs, it can even affect your facial expressions, ie. disturb you a lot, your smile may fade, your lungs may overwork, or underwork, your lung capacity may increase or decrease, your bladder may. full, but you become unable to urinate, your bowels become bloated and you cannot empty them completely with each bowel movement, the muscles in your arms, legs and torso can become weaker and fatter, not because due to lack of use, but oh. the nerves that run from your spine into them being restricted from working properly, you can suffer headaches, ears, sore throat, blocked sinuses. It can even affect your ability to orgasm.

The CNS is thought of as a system focused on information processing, where appropriate motor output is calculated in response to sensory input. Many strands of research suggest that motor activity exists long before the maturation of sensory systems, and that senses only influence behavior without dictating it. This gave rise to the concept of CNS as an autonomous system.

Neurons And Neuroglia

Neurons are highly specialized in processing and transmitting cellular signals. Given the diversity of functions performed by neurons in different parts of the nervous system, there is, as might be expected, a wide variation in the shape, size and electrochemical properties of neurons. For example, the soma of a neuron can vary in size from 4 to 100 micrometers in diameter.

The central part of the neuron is the soma (cell body). It contains the nucleus of the cell, so it is where most protein synthesis takes place. The nucleus is between 3 and 18 micrometers in diameter. The dendrites of neurons are cellular extensions with many branches, and this overall shape and structure is metaphorically referred to as a dendritic tree. This is where most of the input to the neurons occurs. However, outflow of information (ie, from dendrites to other neurons) can also occur – except in a chemical synapse where the outflow of impulses is blocked because an axon has no chemoreceptors and dendrites cannot release neurotransmitter chemicals. secret. This explains the unidirectional conduction of nerves.

The axon is a finer, cable-like projection that can extend tens, hundreds, or even thousands of times the diameter of the soma. The axon carries nerve signals out of the soma (and also carries some types of information back to it). Many neurons have only one axon, but this axon can – and usually does – branch extensively, enabling communication with many target cells.

The part of the axon where it emerges from the soma is called the axon hillock. Apart from being an anatomical structure, the axon hillock is also the part of the neuron with the greatest density of voltage-dependent sodium channels. This makes it the most easily excitable part of the neuron and the spike initiation zone for the axon: in neurological terms it has the largest hyperpolarizing action potential threshold. Although the axon hillock and axon are generally associated with the outflow of information, this region can also receive input from other neurons.

The Autonomic Nervous System: Anatomy And Function

The axon terminal is a specialized structure at the end of the axon that is used to release neurotransmitter chemicals and communicate with target neurons. Although the canonical view of neurons assigns dedicated functions to their various anatomical components, dendrites and axons often function in ways that are contrary to their so-called primary function.

Axons and dendrites in the central nervous system are usually only about a micrometer thick, while some in the peripheral nervous system are much thicker. The soma is usually about 10-25 micrometers in diameter and is often not much larger than the cell nucleus it contains. The longest axon of a human motor neuron can be more than a meter long, reaching from the base of the spine to the toes. Sensory neurons have axons that extend from the toes to the spinal column, over 1.5 meters in adults. Giraffes have single axons several meters long that run along their necks. Much of what is known about axonal function comes from studying the giant axon of the squid, an ideal experimental preparation because of its relatively large size (0.5-1 millimeter thick, several centimeters long).

Sensory neurons transmit information from tissues and organs into the central nervous system. Efferent neurons transmit signals from the central nervous system to the effector cells and are sometimes called motor neurons. Interneurons connect neurons within specific regions of the central nervous system. A general reference can also be made to neurons that convey information or send information from the region of the brain internally and efficiently.

Peripheral neurons stimulate their postsynaptic target neurons or target cells causing them to function. Motor neurons and somatic neurons are excitatory neurons. Excitatory neurons in the brain are often glutamatergic. Spinal motor neurons, which synapse on muscle cells, use acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter. Inhibitory neurons inhibit their target neurons. Inhibitory neurons are also called short donkey neurons, interneurons or microneurons. The output of some brain structures (neostriatum, globus pallidus, cerebellum) is inhibitory. GABA and glycine are the primary inhibitory neurotransmitters. Modulating neurons trigger more complex effects called neuromodulation. These neurons use such neurotransmitters as dopamine, acetylcholine, serotonin and others. Each synapse can receive both excitatory and inhibitory signals and the output is determined by summation.

Chapter 10 Nervous System I: Basic Structure And Function

Watch this video for another introduction to the nervous system. This is the first in a series of nine videos. Although you can enjoy all the videos in this series, you only need to watch the first video. In biology, the nervous system is the very complex part of an animal that coordinates its actions and ssory information through transmit signals to and from different parts. his body. The nervous system detects viral changes that affect the body, it works together with the learning system to respond to such evts.

Nervous tissue first evolved in wormlike organisms about 550 to 600 million years ago. In vertebrates it consists of two main parts, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The PNS consists mainly of nerves, which are closed bundles of long fibers or axons, which connect the CNS to all other parts of the body. Nerves are what transmit signals from the brain

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