What Does The Spleen Do In The Lymphatic System – Click on the prefixes, match the forms and suffixes to reveal a list of word parts to memorize for Lymphatic and Immune Systems.

The lymphatic system is a series of vessels, ducts and columns that drains the interstitial fluid from the hands and returns the blood. Lymph vessels are also used to transport dietary lipids and cells of the immune system. The cells of the immune system, lymphocytes, all come from the hematopoietic system of the bone marrow. The primary lymphoid organs, the bone marrow and thymus gland, are the sites where lymphocytes proliferate and mature. Secondary lymphoid organs are where mature lymphocytes accumulate to mount immune responses. Many cells of the immune system use the lymphatic and circulatory systems for transport throughout the body to pursue and then defend against pathogens.

What Does The Spleen Do In The Lymphatic System

This chapter begins with an introduction to the anatomy and physiology of the lymphatic system, which immune functions lead us to a discussion of the body’s multifaceted defenses, which together make up the immune system. Because the lymphatic system shares organs with a number of other body systems, the pathology discussed at the end of this chapter focuses mainly on disorders of the immune system.

Anatomy Of The Lymphatic System

Lymph vessels begin as open capillaries, which branch off into larger and larger lymph vessels, eventually emptying into the bloodstream. Along the way, the lymph passes through the lymph nodes, which are usually found near the groin, arms, neck, chest, and abdomen. Humans have approximately 500-600 lymph nodes throughout the body (see Figure 11.1). Many organs and tissues that contribute to immunity are also part of the lymphatic system.

Figure 11.1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic System. Lymphatic vessels in the arms and legs carry lymph to larger lymphatic vessels in the torso. From Betts, et al., 2021. Licensed under CC BY 4.0.

Lymphatic vessels and blood vessels are similar in structure and function. Lymph is not actively pumped by the heart, but is pumped through the veins by the movements of the body’s muscles. (Betts, et al., 2021).

An important function of the lymphatic system is to return fluid (lymph) to the blood. Lymph may be thought of as recycled blood plasma. Blood pressure causes fluid to leak out of the blood capillaries, resulting in fluid accumulating in the interstitial space. In humans, 20 liters of plasma are released into the interstitial space of tissues every day due to capillary leakage. Blood vessels reabsorb 17 liters of this interstitial fluid, leaving three liters in the tissues to be returned to circulation by the lymphatic system. If the lymphatic system is damaged in some way, such as blocked by cancer cells or destroyed by injury, interstitial fluid accumulates in areas of tissue, causing a condition called lymphedema.

Overview Of Non Hodgkins Lymphoma

Lymphatic capillaries, also called terminal lymphatics, are vessels through which interstitial fluid enters the lymphatic system to become lymph. Located in almost every tissue of the body, these vessels are connected to the arterioles and venules of the circulatory system in the soft connective tissues of the body. See Figure 11.2. Exceptions include the central nervous system, bone marrow, bones, teeth, and cornea, which lack lymphatic vessels.

Figure 11.2 Lymph capillaries. Lymphatic capillaries are connected to the arterioles and venules of the cardiovascular system. Collagen fibers connect a lymphatic capillary within the tissue. Interstitial fluid passes through the spaces between the overlapping endothelial cells that make up the lymphatic capillary. From CFCF, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikia Commons

Lymphatic capillaries divide into large lymphatic vessels, which resemble veins in their three-tunic structure and presence of valves. These one-way valves are relatively close together, and each folds into a lymphatic vessel, giving the vessel a curved appearance (see Figure 11.2).

In general, the superficial lymphatics follow the same routes as the veins, whereas the deep lymphatic vessels of the viscera usually follow the veins. The superficial and deep lymph nodes eventually merge to form large lymphatic structures known as lymph nodes. On the right side of the body, the right side of the head, chest, and right upper leg trunks drain lymph fluid through the right lymphatic duct into the right subclavian vein (see Figure 11.3). On the left side of the body, trunks from the rest of the body drain into the large thoracic duct, which drains into the left subclavian vein. The thoracic duct itself begins just below the diaphragm in the cisterna ciliary body.

Lymphatic Drainage: Your Body’s Natural Defense To Skin Aging — Urban You

Figure 11.3 The Lymphatic System. (A) The lymphatic system includes primary and secondary lymphoid organs and a series of lymphatic vessels, which provide a unidirectional drainage path from all tissues and ultimately to the blood circulation in the great veins of the neck. Primary lymphoid organs (bone marrow and thymus) produce and grow immune cells, while secondary lymphoid organs (lymphoid nodes, spleen, and associated lymphoid organs such as Peyer’s patches, tonsils, and adenoids) are the sites of activation. . (B) The thoracic duct is responsible for draining lymph from most of the body, except the right side of the head and neck, the right side of the chest, and the right upper leg, which drains primarily into the right lymphatic duct. Both pathways drain into the large jugular veins. (C) The complex dermal lymphatic capillary network drains the lymphatic collecting vessels en route to the lymph nodes. (D) Oak leaf-shaped lymphatic capillary cells are connected by endless knots or buttons and allow fluid to passively enter the system; On the other hand, the endothelial cells of the lymphatic collections have continuous knots or zippers. Collectives differ from early lymphatics by having intraluminal valves, smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and a continuous basement membrane. Image in (A) modified from OpenStax College under a CC BY 3.0 license. (C) modified under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license from Open, Learn, Create.

The primary lymphoid organs are the bone marrow and the thymus gland. Lymphoid organs are where lymphocytes mature, multiply and are recruited, allowing them to attack pathogens without harming the body’s cells.

Figure 11.4 Location and Structure of the Thymus. Adapted from Anatomy & Physiology, OpenStax. Licensed under CC BY 3.0, via Wikiia Commons.

The thymus produces a hormone called thymosin and is therefore considered part of the endocrine system.

Lupus And The Lymphatic System

Figure 11.5 Clonal Selection and Expansion of T Lymphocytes Stem cells differentiate into T cells with specific receptors, called clones. Clones with specific receptors for antigens on the pathogen are selected and expanded. From Betts, et al., 2021. Licensed under CC BY 4.0.

Lymphocytes develop and mature in primary lymphoid organs, but they also produce immune responses in secondary lymphoid organs, which include lymph nodes, lymph nodes, and lymph nodes. A naïve lymphocyte that has left the primary organ, learned immunological function there, and entered a secondary lymphoid organ waiting to encounter an antigen against which to respond.

Lymph nodes function to remove debris and pathogens from the lymph, and are therefore sometimes referred to as “lymph filters” (see Figure 11.6). Any bacteria that enter the interstitial fluid are captured by the lymph capillaries and transported to a local lymph node. Dendritic cells and macrophages within this organ internalize and kill many pathogens that pass through, thus expelling them from the body. The lymph node is also the site of adaptive immune responses generated by T cells, B cells, and accessory cells of the immune system.

The spleen is a vascular organ that is somewhat thin due to the absence of a capsule. It is about 12 cm long and attached to the side of the abdomen. The gut is sometimes called the “blood filter” because of its extensive vascularity and the presence of macrophages and dendritic cells that remove microbes and other materials from the blood, including dying red blood cells. The spleen also acts as the site of immune responses against blood-borne pathogens. (See Fig 11.6).

Structure Of Lymphatic System

Figure 11.6 Spleen. The uterus is located on the left side of the abdominal cavity under the diaphragm. It is about the size of a fist and is well supplied with blood. Blood is the primary filter element for blood. From Encyclopedia Britannica (2021). https://www.britannica.com/science/spleen-anatomy

Another lymphoid tissue, the lymphoid nodules, consists of a dense mass of lymphocytes without a surrounding fibrous capsule. These nodules are located in the respiratory and digestive tracts, areas that are regularly exposed to environmental pathogens.

Tonsils are lymphoid glands located on the inner surface of the pharynx and are important in developing immunity against oral pathogens (see Figure 11.7). The tonsil at the back of the throat, the pharyngeal tonsil, is sometimes called an adenoid when swollen. Such swelling is a sign of an active immune response to infection. The tonsils have deep grooves called crypts, which contain all kinds of material that accumulates in the body through food and breath and actually “encourage” pathogens to enter the body.

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