What Is The Role Of Energy In Living Organisms – All living things need energy to survive. Animals must hunt or gather food to get the energy they need, but plants can make their own food using light energy from the sun. This process is called photosynthesis, and it takes place in chloroplasts, the small green structures found in the green parts of plants.

It’s a complicated process, but basically, carbon dioxide and water are converted into glucose (a simple sugar) and oxygen.

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In this way, plants make, or produce, the starting point for most of the food energy in the world. This is why plants are called producers. They use some food energy to perform their own functions, and store the rest of the energy in leaves, stems, roots and other parts.

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When an animal eats part of a plant, the animal takes the plant’s stored energy into its body. Animals that eat food energy are called consumers. Animals that eat plants directly are called primary consumers. Animals that get their food energy by eating other animals are called secondary consumers since the plant’s energy is consumed a second time. The relationship between producers and consumers can be represented by food chains and webs.

Eventually, all living things die. Then it is time for decomposers to use energy. Decomposers break down and take energy from dead things into their bodies. They also fertilize the soil, which helps plants grow and provides food energy for all of us. Unlike consumers (herbivores, wildlife, birds, or decomposers) who rely on other organisms for their nutritional and sustenance needs, producers are discriminated against. by the ability to synthesize their own food. This is why we are called producers

Now among the producers, there are different types of producers, i.e. Different mechanisms through the production of their own food.

The scope of today’s discussion is limited to photosynthesis and photoautotrophs. So, let’s get started and know the answers to these common questions:

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Figure 1: From this flow chart, we can clearly tell that plants are “photo-auto-litho-trophs”. Image Source: Akanksha Saxena of Biology Online.

. In simpler language, photosynthesis is the process by which green plants convert light energy into ‘chemical energy’.

This energy transformation is possible only because of the presence of the amazing pigment molecule chlorophyll in photosynthesis. Chemical energy as mentioned before is the fixed carbon molecules created during photosynthesis.

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Green plants and algae have the ability to use carbon dioxide and water molecules and produce food (carbohydrates) for all life forms on Earth. There is no doubt about the fact that life is impossible and impossible without green plants that synthesize photosynthesis and sustain the cycle of life.

Photosynthesis is the synthesis of complex organic matter using carbon dioxide, water, inorganic salts, and light energy (from sunlight) captured by light-absorbing pigments such as chlorophyll and other pigments. Photosynthesis can basically be simplified through this equation: 6CO

Photosynthesis of plants and photosynthetic organisms can be classified under different categories based on certain characteristics. They are:

Figure 3: Cyanobacteria not only perform nitrogen fixation, but are also known to carry out photosynthesis in nature. Image credit: University of Essex.

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Figure 4: Euglenas are photosynthetic in nature. As shown in the picture, you can see chlorophyll with chloroplasts. Image credit: ENI.

Figure 5: Plankton play an important role in maintaining aquatic ecosystems. They are the main producers of oxygen in the Earth’s atmosphere. During the photosynthesis process, they release large amounts of oxygen. Image credit: Fondriest.

Photosynthesis is an example of a metabolic process with 2 steps. Both steps require light (direct or indirect sunlight). Therefore, the long-held notion of two processes as ‘pure light and dark reactions’ is inappropriate.

Scientific studies have shown that even the second stage of photosynthesis requires indirect sunlight. Therefore, instead of classifying the steps as light and dark photosynthesis reactions, we would like to divide the 2 steps as follows:

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It is postulated that the first photosynthesis and photosynthesis developed relatively quickly along the evolutionary time of life.

It is also believed that the first photosynthetic organisms used other reducing agents available such as hydrogen ions or hydrogen sulfide in contrast to modern photosynthetic organisms that use water as the “primary and only source of electrons”.

Cyanobacteria are believed to appear on Earth later than the first photosynthetic animals. When it appears that they must saturate the Earth’s atmosphere with oxygen gas and lead to the formation of oxygen. Only after the earth was oxygenated, more complex forms of life will be To be developed later.

When we compare photosynthesis with other metabolic processes such as respiration, we can clearly see that these two processes are almost opposite to each other. But another point worth noting is that both processes are consistent and sustainable in the world.

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You cannot separate respiration from photosynthesis or photosynthesis from respiration and expect life to function normally. It is not possible that way. Try to compare and describe some features of photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

When we start discussing this topic, it is important that we know that no photosynthesis is possible without pigment molecules that absorb light. Absorption of sunlight is the most important step of photosynthesis.

We should also note that the energy of photons is different for every light of different wavelength. And the energy needed for photosynthesis to operate is of

. These proteins are located in the membrane of the organism. Let’s learn how these pigment molecules are inside living things and how they make photosynthetic membranes in nature.

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Figure 8: Pigment molecules of prokaryotes are located in their own cell membrane and not in specialized chloroplasts. Photo credit: Byung Hong Kim and Geoffrey Michael Gadd.

Figure 9: The pigment molecules of eukaryotes are located in the thylakoid membrane of the special organelle “chloroplasts”. Image credit: Arizona.edu.net.

In eukaryotes, photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts as they are the organelles designated for the process of photosynthesis. There are nearly 10-100 chloroplasts in a normal plant cell.

Inside the chloroplasts are thylakoids; A specific location for catching light. The structure of the unique parts of chloroplasts is briefly discussed here.

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Thylakoid is a membrane-bound compartment in the chloroplasts of eukaryotic organisms. They are also present in the cytosol of cyanobacteria (cyanobacteria do not have chloroplasts but they only have thylakoids).

These thylakoids are “the main site of the first stage of photosynthesis. i.e. “chemical reactions” or called “light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis”. The main components of thylakoids are membranes, lumen, and lamellae. Chlorophyll molecules are present in these thylakoid membranes.

Figure 11: Chloroplast with labeled parts. Credit: Vossman, CC BY-SA 4.0. For details on the different parts of the chloroplast, read this: Structure of the Chloroplast.

. We choose to call this step “Step 1: The Chemical Reaction Step”. It is also called

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This stage is marked by 3 important stages of photosynthesis: Oxidation of water , the reduction of NADP +, and the formation of ATP. The place where these reactions occur is the lamellar part of the chloroplast. The unit of light-dependent reaction is

The white light that reaches the earth consists of different wavelengths, forming the visible spectrum (390-760nm). But photosynthetic organisms specifically use a subset called PAR (Photosynthetically Active Radiation).

Is reflected back by plants and this is why plants are green. Blue-green light is not used, only blue light is used.

Figure 13: PAR or photosynthetic radiation range from 400nm to 700nm. Image credit: Light Science Technology.

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Figure 14: Different pigments absorb different wavelengths of light best. So the absorption spectrum of each pigment is characteristic of each of them. Image credit: Fondriest.

Important Note: Absorption thresholds are calculated for many pigments involved in photosynthesis. On the other hand, the action limit is calculated only for photochemical reactions that carry pigments such as chlorophyll-a present in the reaction center. We define the progress of the photochemical reaction as the “evolution of oxygen gas” which mainly occurs in the reaction center with only chlorophyll-a. Since the action is directly related to the specific excitation of the chlorophyll-a molecule, the action spectrum was scientifically calculated for this chlorophyll-a only.

Figure 15: Absorption spectrum showing pigments involved in photosynthesis. Since chlorophyll-a absorbs to the same exact extent, the action spectrum reflects chlorophyll-a as the primary pigment. Image credit: Projects.ncsu.edu.

Now, if you’re wondering how the first electron lost by the first chlorophyll is replaced to keep this cycle going, read on. The answer to this question is

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In the thylakoid membrane carries out photolysis of water. The chlorophyll molecule eventually regains the electron it lost when the water molecule is broken down in a process called photolysis, which releases oxygen.

Many scientists have doubts about the source of oxygen in photosynthesis. Some speculate that

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