Two Gases That Contribute To Global Warming – Global warming (GWP) is a measure of how much infrared heat radiation, a greenhouse gas, is added to the atmosphere over a given time frame, as much radiation is absorbed by the same mass of carbon dioxide (CO). will be

. For other gases, it depends on how well the gas absorbs infrared heat radiation, how much the gas escapes from the atmosphere, and the time frame considered. Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO

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To heat the earth according to the mass of this gas. Thus, it provides a common scale for measuring the climate effects of different gases. It is calculated as GWP equal to the mass of the other gas.

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That is, for example, the release of one ton of methane is equal to the emission of 81.2 tons of carbon dioxide. Similarly, one ton of nitrogen oxide, for example from manure or rice fields, is equivalent to 273 tons of carbon dioxide.

Carbon dioxide is the reference. It has a GWP of 1 regardless of the period of use. CO

Estimates of GWP values ​​for 20, 100, and 500 years are periodically compiled in the reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The most accurate report is the IPCC’s Sixth Assessment Report (Working Group I) from 2023.

Although direct reports reflect greater scientific accuracy, countries and companies use SAR and AR4 values ​​in their emission reports for comparability reasons. AR5 omitted the 500-year values, but introduced GWP estimates, including climate-carbon feedbacks ( f ), with a large amount of uncertainty.

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Some have a high GWP but only low concentrations in the atmosphere. The total impact of all fluorinated gases is estimated to be 3% of all greenhouse gas emissions.

The values ​​given in the table assume that the same mass of compounds is analyzed; Different proportions occur from the transformation of one substance into another. For example, burning methane to carbon dioxide reduces the effect of global warming, but by less than 25: 1, because the mass of methane burned is less than the mass of carbon dioxide released (ratio 1: 2.74).

For an initial amount of 1 ton of methane, which has a GWP of 25, there will be 2.74 tons of CO after combustion.

, each ton of which has a GWP of 1. This is a net reduction of 22.26 tons of GWP, reducing the global warming effect by a ratio of 25:2.74 (about 9 times).

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According to the Kyoto Protocol, in 1997 the Conference of the Parties standardized international reporting by resolution (resolution 2/CP.3) that calculated GWP values ​​for the IPCC Second Assessment Report to convert different greenhouse gas emissions into comparable CO

After some intermittent updates, in 2013 this standard was revised by the Warsaw meeting of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC, resolution 24/CP.19) to require the use of a new set of 100-year GWP values. They published these values ​​in Appendix III and took them from the 4th Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, published in 2007.

The GWP of a substance depends on the number of years (shown below) over which the capacity is calculated. A gas that is quickly removed from the atmosphere may initially have a large effect, but in the long run, as it is removed, it becomes less important. Thus, methane has a potential of 25 more than 100 years (GWP

= 86); In contrast, sulfur hexafluoride has a GWP of 22,800 over 100 years but 16,300 over 20 years (IPCC Third Assessment Report). The value of GWP depends on how the composition of the gas breaks down in the atmosphere over time. This is often not known exactly and therefore the values ​​should not be assumed to be exact. For this reason, when quoting GWP it is important to reference the calculation.

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The GWP for a mixture of gases can be derived from the weighted average of the mass fraction GWPs of the individual gases.

Water vapor contributes to anthropogenic global warming, but as defined by GWP, it is negligible for H.

O can act as a greenhouse gas because it has a deep infrared absorption spectrum with more and broader absorption bands than CO.

. Its contraction in the atmosphere is limited by air temperature, so the radiative forcing of water vapor increases with global warming (positive feedback). But the GWP definition excludes indirect effects. The definition of GWP is also based on emissions, and anthropogenic emissions of water vapor (cooling towers, irrigation) are removed by precipitation over weeks, so the GWP is negligible.

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Global potential temperature (GTP) change is another way to compare gases. While GWP calculates infrared heating radiation, GTP calculates the increase in average global surface temperature over the next 20, 50 or 100 years caused by a greenhouse gas, relative to the increase in temperature caused by the same mass of CO

GWP* is proposed as a short-lived climate pollutant (SLCP) such as methane, which changes the rate of SLCP emissions with a given amount of CO

However, GWP* itself has been criticized both for its suitability as a metric and for legacy design features that may perpetuate injustice and inequality.

High GWP is associated with high infrared absorption and long atmospheric lifetime. Measuring GWP in terms of absorption wavelengths is more difficult. Even if a gas effectively absorbs radiation at a certain wavelength, this may not affect the GWP as much if the atmosphere already absorbs most of the radiation at that wavelength. A gas has a greater effect if it absorbs in a wave “window” where the atmosphere is sufficiently transparent. A measure of GWP as a function of tides is found empirically and published as a graph.

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Since the GWP of a greenhouse gas is directly related to its infrared spectrum, the use of infrared spectroscopy to study greenhouse gases is very important in trying to understand the impact of human activities on global climate change.

Just as radiative forcing provides a simplified means of comparing different factors that influence the climate system, global warming potentials (GWPs) are a type of simplified index based on radiative properties that can be used to estimate future potentials. the impact of emissions of different gases on the climate system in one sector. GWP depends on a number of factors, including the radiative efficiency (infrared absorption capacity) of each gas relative to carbon dioxide, as well as the decay rate of each gas (amount released from the atmosphere in a given year) relative to carbon dioxide.

Radiative forcing (RF) is the amount of energy per unit area, per unit time, absorbed by a greenhouse gas that would otherwise be lost to space. It can be expressed by the formula:

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) presents generally accepted GWP values ​​that have changed little between 1996 and 2001, except for methane, whose GWP nearly doubled. A detailed definition of how to calculate GWP can be found in the IPCC’s Third Assessment Report of 2001.

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GWP is defined as the ratio of the radiation pressure in the integrated time from the instantaneous release of 1 kg of trace elements relative to 1 kg of the reference gas:

) and [x](t) is the ratio of time in the bulk of the substance after its instantaneous separation at time t=0. The dominator contains an appropriate amount of reference gas (ie CO2). Radiation efficiency a

Are not constant over time. Although the absorption of infrared radiation by many greenhouse gases varies linearly with their abundance, some of the most important ones show nonlinear behavior for current and potential future abundances (e.g., CO

O). For these gases, the relative strength of the radiation will depend on the abundance and on the received future scat.

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Which is non-linear, all GWP values ​​are affected. Assuming a different order than the above would result in a lower GWP for other gases than a more detailed approach. To clarify this, while increasing CO

Affects radiative absorption less and less as ppm contractions increase, stronger greenhouse gases such as methane and nitrous oxide have different thermal absorption frequencies to CO.

E) the amount of gas is calculated from its GWP. For each gas, it is the mass of CO

Thus, it provides a common scale for measuring the climate effects of different gases. It is calculated as GWP by mass of other gas. For example, if the gas has a GWP of 100, two tons of the gas contains CO

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On a global scale, the warming effect of one or more greenhouse gases in the atmosphere can be expressed as the equivalent atmospheric concentration of CO.

Which heats the earth to the extent of a certain concretion of any other gas or all gases and aerosols of the atmosphere. For example, CO

E of 500 parts per million reflects a mixture of atmospheric gases that warms the earth up to 500 parts per million CO2.

Atmospheric greenhouse gas or aerosol

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