What Is The Role Of Protein In The Body – Proteins are the “workhorses” of the body and participate in many body functions. As we have already discussed, proteins come in all sizes and shapes, and each one is specially designed for its job. This page describes some of the important functions of proteins. As you read them, remember that the synthesis of these different proteins requires sufficient amino acids. As you can imagine, eating a diet lacking in protein and essential amino acids can interfere with many bodily functions. (More on that later in the unit.)

The main types and functions of proteins are summarized in the table below, and the following sections of this page provide more information on each of them.

What Is The Role Of Protein In The Body

Break down macronutrients into smaller absorbable monomers; it makes steps in metabolic processes to allow the use of nutrients

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More than a hundred different proteins have been found in the human body, but the most abundant is collagen, which makes up 6 percent of the total body weight. Collagen makes up 30 percent of bone tissue and contains many tendons, ligaments, cartilage, skin and muscles. Collagen is a strong, fibrous protein composed mostly of glycine and proline amino acids. In its quaternary structure, three strands of protein are twisted like a rope and these collagen strands join each other.

This well-designed structure is stronger than steel cables of the same size. Collagen makes bones strong but flexible. The collagen fibers in the dermis provide structure, and the accompanying elastin proteins give it elasticity. Squeeze the skin on your hand and let go; collagen and elastin proteins in the skin allow it to return to its original shape. Smooth muscle cells that produce collagen and elastin proteins surround the blood vessels, giving the vessels shape and the ability to stretch back after blood is pumped through them. Another strong, fibrous protein is keratin, which is an important component of skin, hair and nails.

Enzymes are proteins that carry out certain chemical reactions. The function of an enzyme is to provide space for a chemical reaction and decrease the amount of energy and time required for that chemical reaction to occur (this is known as “catalysis”). On average, cells make more than 100 chemical reactions every second, and most of them require enzymes. The liver alone has over 1,000 enzyme systems. Enzymes are specialized and will only use certain substrates that enter their active site, similar to how a lock can only be opened with a certain key. Fortunately, the enzyme can perform its role repeatedly, although it is eventually destroyed and regenerated. All bodily functions, including the breakdown of nutrients in the stomach and small intestine, the conversion of nutrients into molecules that the cell can use, and the construction of all macromolecules, including and the protein itself, include enzymes.

Figure 6.11. Enzymes are proteins. The function of an enzyme is to provide space for substances to react chemically and form a product, and to reduce the energy and time required for this to happen.

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Are chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands. When an endocrine gland is stimulated, it releases a hormone. The hormone is then transported in the bloodstream to its target cell, where it sends a message to initiate a specific reaction or cell function. For example, after you eat, the level of “glucose” in the blood rises. Due to the increase in blood sugar, the pancreas releases the hormone insulin. Insulin tells the body’s cells that sugar is available and takes it from the blood and stores it or is used to make energy or build macromolecules. The main function of hormones is to turn enzymes on and off, so some proteins can also control the actions of other proteins. Although not all hormones are made of proteins, many of them are.

Eating enough protein enables the body’s basic biological processes to maintain homeostasis (steady or stable conditions) in a changing environment. Part of this is fluid balance, keeping water well distributed in different parts of the body. If too much fluid from the blood suddenly enters the tissue, the results are inflammation and, possibly, cell death. Water always flows from an area of ​​high pressure to an area of ​​low pressure. As a result, water moves to areas with more solutes, such as proteins and glucose. To keep water evenly distributed between blood and cells, proteins continue to circulate in large quantities in the blood. The most abundant protein in the blood is a butterfly-shaped protein known as albumin. The presence of albumin in the blood makes the protein in the blood similar to that in the cells. Therefore, the exchange of fluid between blood and cells is not excessive, but instead is reduced to maintain homeostasis.

Figure 6.12. The butterfly-shaped protein, albumin, has many functions in the body including maintaining water and acid-base balance and transporting molecules.

Protein is also important in maintaining a balanced pH (a measure of how acidic or basic a substance is) in the blood. Blood pH is maintained between 7.35 and 7.45, which is slightly basic. Even a small change in blood pH can affect body functions. The body has several systems that keep the pH of the blood within a normal range to prevent this from happening. One of them is circulating albumin. Albumin is slightly acidic, and because it is negatively charged it balances many of the positively charged molecules circulating in the blood, such as hydrogen protons (H.

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), calcium, potassium and magnesium. Albumin acts as a defense against unexpected changes in these molecules, thus balancing the pH of the blood and maintaining homeostasis. The hemoglobin protein also contributes to acid-base balance by binding hydrogen protons.

Proteins also play an important role in transporting substances around the body. For example, albumin binds chemically to hormones, fatty acids, other vitamins, essential minerals and drugs, and transports them throughout the bloodstream. Each red blood cell contains millions of hemoglobin molecules that bind oxygen to the lungs and carry it to all the cells of the body. The plasma membrane of the cell is usually impermeable to large polar molecules, so to get the nutrients and molecules needed in the cell, many transport proteins are present in the cell membrane. Some of these proteins are channels that allow certain molecules to enter and leave cells. Some operate as one-way taxis and require power to operate.

Figure 6.13. Molecules move in and out of cells through transport proteins, which can be channels or carriers.

VIDEO: “Sodium-Potassium Pump,” by RicochetScience, YouTube (May 23, 2016), 2:26 minutes. This course explains how the sodium-potassium pump uses an active transporter to move sodium ions (Na+) out of the cell, and potassium ions (K+) into the cell.

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Proteins also play an important role in the immune system. The strong collagen fibers in the skin provide structure and support, but also act as a barrier against harmful substances. The immune system attacks and destroys the functions based on enzymes and antibodies, which are also proteins. For example, an enzyme called lysozyme is secreted from the saliva and attacks the bacterial walls, causing them to burst. Certain proteins circulating in the blood can be directed to form a molecular knife that pierces the cell membrane of foreign invaders. Viruses produced by white blood cells scan the entire circulatory system, looking for harmful bacteria and viruses to surround and destroy them. Antibodies also cause other substances in the immune system to seek out and destroy unwanted invaders.

VIDEO: “Special Immunity, Viruses,” by Carpe Noctum, YouTube (December 11, 2007), 1 minute. Watch this video to see how antibodies protect people from foreign bodies.

Some of the amino acids in proteins can be broken down and used for energy. Only about 10 percent of dietary protein is used daily to make cellular energy. The liver is able to break down amino acids in the carbon skeleton, which can be put into citric acid or the Krebs cycle. This is similar to how glucose is used to make ATP. If a person’s diet does not contain enough carbohydrates and fats, their body will use more amino acids for energy, which can damage the synthesis of new proteins and break down muscle proteins if the intake of Calories are also low.

Not only can amino acids be used for energy directly, but they can also be used to synthesize glucose through gluconeogenesis. Alternatively, if a person eats a diet high in protein and eats more calories than his body needs, more amino acids will be broken down. Unlike carbohydrates and fats, protein does not have a special storage method that will be used later for energy. Protein is an important nutrient that plays an important role in keeping the body healthy. It is a macronutrient made of amino acids, which are the building blocks of our body. Protein is responsible for

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