Is Vitamin D Needed For Calcium Absorption – Sodium intake of US children and adults from food and beverages by place and specific food source

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Is Vitamin D Needed For Calcium Absorption

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Calcium: Benefits, Side Effects, Dosage, Interactions

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Matthias Walker Matthias Walker Skillit Preprints.org Google Scholar and Michael F. Holick Michael F. Holick Skillit Preprints.org Google Scholar *

How Diet Builds Better Bones: Surprising Findings On Vitamin D, Coffee, And More

Vitamin D, Skin and Bone Research Laboratory, Divisions of Endocrinology, Nutrition, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, 85 East Newton Street, M-1013, Boston, MA 02118, USA

Received: 15 October 2012 / Revised: 21 November 2012 / Accepted: 13 December 2012 / Published: 10 January 2013

Vitamin D, the sunshine vitamin, has received much attention recently due to a meteoric rise in the number of publications showing that vitamin D plays an important role in a plethora of physiological functions and in making vitamin D deficiency more acute and chronic. Illnesses including disorders of calcium metabolism, autoimmune diseases, some cancers, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases and infectious diseases. Vitamin D deficiency is now recognized as a global epidemic. A major cause of vitamin D deficiency is a lack of awareness that sun exposure was and still is the main source of vitamin D for children and adults of all ages. Vitamin D plays an important role in the development and maintenance of a healthy skeleton throughout life. There is some debate about what blood levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D should be, and how much vitamin D supplementation should be done, for bone health and to reduce the risk of acute and chronic diseases associated with vitamin D deficiency.

Vitamin D; 25-hydroxyvitamin D; Vitamin D deficiency; osteoporosis; fracture; Cancer Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus; cardiovascular disease; autoimmune diseases; infectious disease

Top 15 Calcium Rich Foods (many Are Nondairy)

Vitamin D has been produced by phytoplankton for over 500 million years [1] and is thought to be the oldest of all hormones whose function may primarily be to protect ultraviolet-sensitive macromolecules, including proteins, DNA, and RNA, when these primary forms require sunlight for life to undergo photosynthesis. comes into contact with Later, after the evolution of sea-dwelling animals with vertebrate skeletons, maintenance of calcium homeostasis was a major physiological problem (as opposed to living in calcium-rich seas). It was vitamin D that ensured efficient intestinal calcium absorption from dietary sources and was ultimately required for the development and maintenance of a calcified mammalian skeleton [2]. Obtaining vitamin D from sunlight or diet is still important for skeletal health in most vertebrates [1, 3, 4, 5]. Over time, vitamin D has evolved into a hormone with numerous extra-skeletal effects, regulating up to approximately 2000 genes [6, 7].

Racial and gender differences in skin pigmentation indicate the evolutionary importance of adequate vitamin D supply. Different degrees of depigmentation have evolved to allow UVB-induced synthesis of previtamin D.

When hominids migrated out of the tropics, a compromise solution to the conflicting physiological requirements of vitamin D synthesis and photoprotection could be considered that depended on latitude and thus ensured different degrees of skin pigmentation. An evolutionary selection pressure toward lighter skin color, along with a higher ability to produce vitamin D, appears to apply not only to living in geographic areas with lower UV intensity but also to being female. Gender differences in skin pigmentation in women compared to men in all populations for which data on skin reflectance were available may be explained by the higher demand for vitamin D during pregnancy and lactation [8].

[7]. Note: This table is modified and reproduced with permission from [7], Copyright © 2007 Massachusetts Medical Society.

Vitamin D. Sources, Metabolism And Organs That Regulate The Level Of Calcium In The Blood (bone, Kidney, Intestine, Parathyroid Gland, Liver, And Skin). Hormones Involved In The Process Of Calcium Absorption (calcitriol,

~20,000 IU is equivalent to 1 minimal erythemal dose (MED) exposure in a bathing suit. Thus, hand and foot exposure to 0.5 MED is equivalent to an intake of ~3000 IU vitamin D

Exposure of human skin to solar UVB radiation (wavelength: 290–315 nm) converts 7-dehydrocholesterol to previtamin D.

Figure 1. Schematic representation of synthesis and metabolism of vitamin D for regulation of calcium, phosphorus and bone metabolism [7]. During exposure to sunlight, 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin is converted to previtamin D.

Chylomicrons are included from dietary sources, are transported in the venous circulation [14] by the lymphatic system. Vitamin D (D stands for D

Low Magnesium Alters Vitamin D Parathyroid Hormone Relationship

) can be made into the skin or consumed in the diet and then released from the fat cells. Vitamin D in circulation is bound to vitamin D binding protein which transports it to the liver where vitamin D is converted to 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] by vitamin D-25-hydroxylase. This is the main circulating form of vitamin D that clinicians use to measure vitamin D status [7, 15] (although most reference laboratories report a normal range of 20–100 ng/mL, the preferred healthy range is 30–60 ng/mL). [7]. It is biologically inactive and must be converted to its biologically active form 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1, 25(OH)] by 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1α-hydroxylase (1-OHase).

D] [7, 15, 16, 17]. Serum phosphorus, calcium, fibroblast growth factor (FGF-23), and other factors can increase (+) or decrease (−) renal production of 1, 25 (OH).

The D response regulates its own synthesis and decreases the synthesis and secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the parathyroid glands [6, 7]. 1, 25(OH)

D improves intestinal calcium absorption in the small intestine by stimulating the expression of epithelial calcium channels (ECaC) and calbindin 9K (calcium binding protein; CaBP) [7, 19, 20]. 1, 25(OH)

Caltrate Calcium Plus Vitamin D3 Gummy Bites

D is recognized by the receptor in osteoblasts leading to increased expression of receptor activator of NFκB ligand (RANKL). RANK binds RANKL to its receptor on preosteoclasts, which induces preosteoclasts to mature into osteoclasts. Mature osteoclasts remove calcium and phosphorus from bone to maintain blood calcium and phosphorus levels [7, 17]. Adequate calcium and phosphorus levels promote skeletal mineralization [7]. Note: This figure [21], copyright © 2007 Michael F. Reproduced with permission from Holick.

The amount of vitamin D produced by the skin depends on the angle of incidence of the sun and thus on latitude, season and time of day. It is highest when the sun is overhead, and vitamin D production decreases as the angle of incidence flattens [17]. Whole-body sunlight exposure with a minimum erythema dose (MED), i.e., the minimum dose leading to pink coloration of the skin 24 hours after exposure, leads to vitamin D levels comparable to oral intake of 10,000 to 25,000. IU Vitamin D

[16, 22]. However, most winter sun exposure at latitudes above and below ~33 degrees north and south, respectively, does not lead to vitamin D production.

In the skin [16, 23] (Figure 2). Other factors that adversely affect skin vitamin D production include increased skin pigmentation, aging, especially over age 65 years, and topical application of sunscreen [17].

What Role Does The Skin Play In Proper Calcium Absorption From The Digestive Tract?

Northern (A and C) and Southern Hemisphere (B and D). The hours indicated in C and D are the end of the 1-hour exposure period. Note: This figure is reproduced with permission from [13], Copyright © 2010 Humana Press.

The number of foods that naturally contain significant amounts of vitamin D is very limited. These include oily fish such as salmon, sardines and tuna, and the liver oils of some fish such as cod, as well as sunlit mushrooms [7] (Table 1). To increase the content of vitamin D

By the 1930s, fortification of milk, soda, bread, and even beer became popular [26]; However, after several cases of vitamin D intoxication in children in the 1950s in Great Britain [27] strict regulations were introduced in Europe limiting vitamin D fortification to margarine only [14, 28]. Due to the relatively high prevalence of lactose

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