What Role Does Phosphorus Play In The Body – Intrauterine infusion of TGF-β1 prior to insemination, like seminal plasma, affects the endometrial fetal response but does not affect the timing of the progression of porcine fetal development before implantation.

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What Role Does Phosphorus Play In The Body

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The Phosphorus Cycle (article)

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By Jiang Tian Jiang Tian Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar 1, 2 , Fei Ge Fei Ge Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar 2 , Dayi Zhang Dayi Zhang Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar 3 , Songqiang Deng Songqiang Deng Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar 4 and Xingwang Liu Xingwang Liu Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar 2, *

Received: January 12, 2021 / Revised: February 8, 2021 / Accepted: February 12, 2021 / Published: February 17, 2021

Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSM), a large microbial flora that mediate bioavailable soil P, play important roles in soil by mineralizing organic P, dissolving inorganic P minerals, and storing large amounts of P in biomass. Given that basic soil P forms and levels of orthophosphate can be mediated by PSM, we conclude that PSM also plays an important role in soil P cycling. This review summarizes the comprehensive and recent understanding of the role of PSM in P geochemical processes.

Phosphorus News Research Articles

Phosphorus (P) is a vital component of biomolecules and one of the main limiting factors for biomass production as plant-available P represents only a small fraction of total soil P. Increasing global food demand and modern agricultural consumption of P fertilizers could lead to excessive inputs of inorganic P in the intensively managed croplands, resulting in increasing P losses and continued eutrophication of surface waters. Although phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) are widely recognized as eco-friendly P fertilizers to increase agricultural productivity, a comprehensive and deeper understanding of the role of PSM in P geochemical processes to control P deficiency has received insufficient attention. In this review, we summarize basic P forms and their geochemical and biological cycles in soil systems, how PSM mediates soil P biochemical cycles, and the metabolic and enzymatic systems behind these processes. We also highlight the important role of PSM in the biogeochemical P cycle and provide perspective on several environmental issues to prioritize in future PSM applications.

Phosphorus (P) is a macronutrient that plays an important role in plant growth and is involved in many metabolic reactions [1]. It is an essential element for life as it is present in biological molecules, including nucleic acids, co-enzymes, phosphoproteins and phospholipids [2, 3, 4]. In addition, P is one of the main limiting factors for biomass production in terrestrial ecosystems and the reason for the continued eutrophication of continental and coastal areas due to the high use of P fertilizers [ 5 , 6 , 7 ]. The P cycle exists within individual ecosystems, including soils, streams, forests, and oceans, which are closely related to key environmental and human-societal security issues [ 6 , 8 , 9 , 10 ].

The P cycle differs from the N and C biochemical cycles in that it does not produce any stable gases at Earth’s temperature and atmospheric pressure [ 11 , 12 ]. Only a small amount of phosphoric acid (H

) can enter the atmosphere and contribute to acid rain in some cases [13]. P released into the atmosphere by the combustion of fossil fuels and biofuels, which has been listed as one of the ten important “planetary boundaries” of the Earth system [14], will subsequently be transported to aerosolized P and rapidly precipitated in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Thus, the largest reservoirs of P in soil and marine environments are phosphate rocks (PR) and sedimentary rocks, respectively. The natural P cycle is a simple flow from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystems through abiotic PR deformation and sediment retention on intermediate timescales (10

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Previous studies have considered biological activity, human disturbances, and climate change as important factors affecting the global P cycle by increasing concentrations of P from both external and internal sources, with consequences for terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems [ 6 , 8 , 16 , 17, 18]. Human activities, including the development and use of organic phosphorus, the extraction of geological P reserves to produce P fertilizers, and the disposal of animal excreta into the environment, have significantly impaired the geochemical balance and ecosystem function of soil P [19, 20, 21, 22]. . Both precipitation and soil temperature have opposing effects on P availability and control soil P cycling through interactions with soil particles [ 23 ]. Therefore, environmental factors that participate in the geochemical reactions of soil P or affect P-containing compounds can definitely influence the soil P cycle. Although soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles have received considerable attention, much less is known about changes in P cycling and P availability in response to biological activity and climate change [23].

Phosphate-solubilizing microbes (PSM), a large microbial flora that mediate available soil P, play an important role in the soil P cycle by mineralizing organic P, dissolving inorganic P minerals, and storing large amounts of P in biomass [ 24 , 25 ]. By releasing phosphatase enzymes and organic acids, reducing soil acidity and increasing chelation activity through additional P adsorption sites, PSMs can solubilize soil P into a soluble and plant-available orthophosphate form (mainly PO).

) [1]. Therefore, it has attracted considerable interest to distinguish between the contribution of PSMs to plant nutrient acquisition, to understand the opportunities to manipulate PSMs to increase the availability of PSMs in soil with the aim of restoring other soil components and improving soil health [1, 26]. Although inoculation with PSM is a widely accepted environmentally friendly approach to increase soil soluble P concentration and agricultural productivity, a comprehensive and complete understanding of the role of PSM in P geochemical processes (i.e., has not received the attention it deserves [27]. That in addition, the effective in-situ utilization of PSMs is still in its infancy as widespread applicability and potential environmental toxicity have yet to be demonstrated.In this review, we discuss the basic P forms and soil P cycling, how PSM mediates soil orthophosphate levels, and the organic mechanisms behind these activities Finally, we highlight the role of PSM in each P biogeochemical process and suggest environmental issues to prioritize in future PSM applications.

) than other major nutrients, such as nitrogen (N) and potassium (K). However, more than 80% of P is immobilized and not available for plant uptake [28]. P exists in different forms in soil, mainly inorganic P (P

Phosphorus: Essential To Life—are We Running Out?

, which contributes a large part of the total soil P, comes mainly from biological tissues where P is present as an integral part of organic compounds, such as nucleotides, phospholipids, phosphoproteins and coenzymes [ 1 , 30 ]. Soil nutrient cycling (e.g. nitrogen cycling) is also responsible for the redistribution of elemental P

Containing products, such as plasticizers, flame retardants, antifoams and pesticides, has led to their frequent occurrence in the environment as new P

Is usually present as relatively insoluble and stable forms of elemental (including apatite, strengite, and variscite) and secondary (including calcium, iron, and aluminum phosphates) P minerals [ 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ]. Early research developed a chemical classification system to determine fractions of P

Cl extractable P, and 1st NaOH extractable P), and (iii) closed P (including 2nd NaOH extractable P and residual P

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) [39, 40]. The P ions in unoccluded P are adsorbed on the surface of Fe and Al oxides and are more easily extracted by NaOH than occluded P, as P is incorporated into the development of Fe and Al oxide coatings and concrete during diffusive penetration and soil development [ 39 ]. P

Concentrations also decrease as a function of soil development, ranging from an average of 684 µg/g soil in Entisols, to between 200 and 430 µg/g soil in Ultisols and Oxisols [29].

Exists in different forms and proportions in soil, which can leach into streams to deposit P in marine sediments or take

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