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Energy-efficient Cooling Systems: Strategies For Data Centers

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Data center operators are evaluating liquid cooling technologies to improve energy efficiency as processing-intensive computing applications grow. According to Dell’Oro Group, liquid cooling market revenue will approach US$2 billion by 2027 with a CAGR of 60% between 2020 and 2027 as organizations adopt more cloud services, use artificial intelligence (AI) to deliver advanced analytics and automated decision making. creation and launch of blockchain and cryptocurrency applications.

Data centers currently support rack power requirements in excess of 20 kilowatts (kW), but the market is moving toward 50 kW or more. New generation central processing units (CPUs) and graphics processing units (GPUs) have higher thermal density characteristics than previous generation architectures. In addition, server manufacturers are installing more processors and GPUs in each rack to meet the growing demand for high-performance computing and artificial intelligence applications.

Air treatment is now showing its limits. Traditional air cooling cannot provide efficient and sustainable cooling for these high-density racks.

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As a result, data center operators are exploring liquid cooling options. Liquid cooling uses the superior heat transfer properties of water or other liquids to provide efficient and cost-effective cooling for high-density racks and can be up to 3,000 times more efficient than using air. Liquid cooling, long proven for mainframe and gaming applications, is being expanded to protect rack-mount servers in data centers around the world. has created a wide range of resources to help you understand the challenges, opportunities and technical requirements associated with liquid cooling. These resources will help you decide how to implement and scale liquid cooling in your data center.

This webinar examines the current state of cold wafer technology, exploring the reasons for its adoption, as well as the fundamental role it will play in cooling the chips of the future. In addition to offering superior heat transfer functionality, direct-to-chip systems also boast easier upgradeability than their immersed counterparts. So, could this lead to more streamlined adoption, more gradual adoption of technology in an industry afraid of change, and better ROI? Additionally, this session will address the question of whether and how long it will be before we see widespread adoption of cold plate technologies.

Data center operators choose one of three liquid cooling paths. They are developing liquid-only data centers, future-proof air-cooled facilities with new infrastructure to support liquid-cooled racks in the future, and integrating liquid cooling into existing air-cooled facilities that do not have the infrastructure to support it. Most will likely choose the latter route to obtain capacity that meets short-term business needs and provides a quick return on investment.

Installing liquid cooling can be challenging. Data center teams will want to work with a partner to address key issues including plumbing requirements, cooling distribution, power balancing, risk mitigation strategies, and heat dissipation systems.

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While liquid-only data centers are being developed, and some new air-cooled data centers are being designed to accommodate liquid-cooled racks in the future, the most common scenario facing operators today is integrating liquid cooling into existing air-cooled facilities that lack the infrastructure to support it.

It’s no surprise that this can be difficult. If you’re planning on using liquid in an air-cooled data center, here are a few key issues you should be prepared for.

The type of fluid used and the ratio of thermal load to fluid significantly influence the overall design of the hybrid facility system. The higher heat-to-fluid ratio reduces the need for air cooling infrastructure. The variables of thermal load, fluid flow rate, and pressure together contribute to the overall fluid cooling solution and should be considered early in the rack fluid supply process.

The most fundamental component of liquid cooling infrastructure—the piping that carries coolant into the rack—can also be the most challenging to deploy in an existing facility.

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In most cases, minimizing disruption requires a phased approach. In colocation, operators add plumbing fixtures to one or two rooms based on known customer requirements. As customer requirements grow, they will expand with additional packages. The same approach is used in the enterprise, where a corner portion of the data center may be dedicated to liquid-cooled racks.

In data centers with raised floors, poorly designed piping can impede airflow. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations should be used to configure piping to minimize the impact on floor airflow.

In slab data centers, piping is typically routed through walkways and supported by ceiling structures with trays under all fittings to minimize the impact of potential leaks. Compatibility of wetted materials and selection of the correct type of fittings are also critical to the long-term success of a liquid cooling system implementation.

With liquid cooling, you need to install an additional cooling loop in your facility that allows you to precisely control the flow of liquid into the rack. The key component in this circuit is the coolant distribution unit (CLU). The CDU provides control of temperature and flow rate, as well as the ability to maintain fluid hygiene through filtration to capture debris.

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For smaller projects, a CDU with a liquid-to-air heat exchanger can simplify deployment, provided the air-cooling system can handle the heat removed from the CDU. In most cases, the CDU will use a liquid-to-liquid heat exchanger to capture the heat returned from the racks and reject it through the chilled water system. Although CDUs can be positioned around the perimeter of a data center, most units are designed to be placed in a row, so they can be placed adjacent to the racks they support.

The most commonly used liquid cooling methods today—backdoor heat exchangers and direct-to-chip cold plates—work with air-cooling systems rather than independently. Immersion cooling, both single- and two-phase, is also gaining momentum.

You will need to determine how much of the total thermal load each system will handle, how much air cooling capacity the liquid system will displace, and where the liquid cooling system may place new demands on the air cooling systems. For example, rear door heat exchangers force cool air into the data center, and the air cooling system must be able to remove heat from the rack if one or more rear doors are open for service. Tailgate systems typically use a chiller to achieve the desired water temperature.

Liebert AFC liquid-cooling-ready chillers are designed to remove barriers to liquid cooling adoption in air-cooled environments and enable simultaneous management of air and liquid cooling, integrating CRAH indoor units and CDUs and seamlessly transitioning to a liquid cooling data center.

Data Centers Keep Energy Use Steady Despite Big Growth

The biggest obstacle to the development of liquid cooling has been concerns about the risks associated with moving liquid into the rack. Modern liquid-cooled systems minimize this risk by limiting the volume of liquids distributed and integrating leak detection technology into system components and at critical locations throughout the piping system.

By using dielectric fluids, the risk of equipment damage due to leaks is eliminated, but the high cost of these fluids justifies the inclusion of similar leak detection systems as would be used in water-based systems. The Open Compute Project has released an excellent document on leak detection technologies and strategies, Leak Detection and Integration, which is recommended reading for anyone bringing liquids into their data centers.

Heat recovery can improve the efficiency of a cooling water system by allowing the heat recovered from the data center to be reused for other purposes. Instead of cooling the heat load, the heat is effectively captured by the system and can be used to meet heating needs in other parts of the building, neighboring buildings or the district heating network. This strategy can be applied to legacy data centers even if the temperature of the captured heat is low by using a heat pump to increase the temperature.

Implementing liquid cooling in an air-cooled data center requires careful planning and design, but technologies and best practices are available today to support a successful deployment with minimal disruption.

Self Adaptive Integration Of Photothermal And Radiative Cooling For Continuous Energy Harvesting From The Sun And Outer Space

As stated above, the adoption of liquid cooling in data centers continues to gain momentum due to its ability to provide more efficient and effective cooling for high-density IT racks. However, data center designers

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