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What Role Does Magnesium Play In The Body

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By Uwe Gröber Uwe Gröber Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar 1, * , Joachim Schmidt Joachim Schmidt Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar 1 and Klaus Kisters Klaus Kisters Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar 1, 2

Received: 18 June 2015 / Revised: 16 July 2015 / Accepted: 11 September 2015 / Published: 23 September 2015

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Magnesium is the fourth most abundant mineral in the body. It has been identified as a cofactor for more than 300 enzymatic reactions critical to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) metabolism. Magnesium is required for DNA and RNA synthesis, reproduction and protein synthesis. Furthermore, magnesium is essential for the regulation of muscle contraction, blood pressure, insulin metabolism, cardiac excitability, vasomotor tone, neurotransmission and neuromuscular conduction. Imbalances in magnesium status—primarily hypomagnesemia, which is more common than hypermagnesemia—can lead to unwanted neuromuscular, cardiac, or neurological disorders. Based on magnesium’s many functions in the human body, it plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of many diseases. Low magnesium levels have been linked to Alzheimer’s disease, insulin resistance, and a number of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease (eg, stroke), migraine headaches, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Magnesium is one of the eight most common elements in the Earth’s crust and is mainly bound in mineral deposits, for example magnesite (magnesium carbonate) and dolomite. Dolomite CaMg (SO

As the name suggests, it is common in the Dolomites of the Alps [1, 2, 3]. However, the most abundant source of bioavailable magnesium is the hydrosphere (i.e. oceans and rivers). In the sea, the concentration of magnesium is around 55 mmol/L, and as an extreme example in the Dead Sea, the concentration is reported as 198 mmol/L magnesium and has steadily increased over time [4]. Magnesium is an essential electrolyte for living organisms and is the fourth most abundant mineral in the human body. People should consume magnesium regularly to prevent magnesium deficiency, but since the recommended daily allowance for magnesium varies, it is difficult to accurately define what the true optimal intake should be. Based on magnesium’s many functions in the human body, it plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of many diseases. Low levels of magnesium have been linked to a number of chronic and inflammatory diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, asthma, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease (eg, stroke). Migraine headache, and osteoporosis [5].

Magnesium is found primarily in the cell, where it acts as a counterion for energy-rich ATP and nucleic acids. Magnesium is a cofactor in more than 300 enzyme systems that regulate various biochemical reactions in the body, including protein synthesis, muscle and neurotransmission, neuromuscular conduction, signal transduction, blood glucose control, and blood pressure regulation. Some magnesium-dependent enzymes are Na

What Does Magnesium Do For Your Body?

ATPase, hexokinase, creatine kinase, protein kinase and cyclases (see Table 1). Magnesium is also required for the structural function of proteins, nucleic acids or mitochondria. It is required for DNA and RNA synthesis and for aerobic and anaerobic energy production – both oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis – either indirectly as part of the magnesium-ATP complex or directly as an enzyme activator.

Magnesium plays a key role in the active transport of calcium and potassium ions across cell membranes, which is important for nerve impulse conduction, muscle contraction, vasomotor tone, and normal heart rhythm. Blockade of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channels by exogenous magnesium as a natural calcium antagonist is believed to be of great physiological importance. Moreover, it contributes to the structural development of bones and is required for the adenosine triphosphate-dependent synthesis of the most important intracellular antioxidant glutathione [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ].

The most important reservoir for magnesium is bone (about 60% of magnesium in the whole body), the remaining 40% is located extracellularly and intracellularly. Excretion of magnesium is mainly regulated by the kidneys. 100 mmol/L magnesium is filtered daily [12, 13, 14, 15]. The total magnesium content of the human body is reported to be ~20 mmol/kg of fat-free tissue. In other words, the total magnesium in a typical 70 kg adult with 20% (w/w) fat is ~1000 to 1120 mmol or ~24 g [ 10 , 13 , 15 ].

Along with sodium, potassium and calcium, magnesium is an important electrolyte for human metabolism. About 99% of total body magnesium is located in bone, muscle, and non-muscle soft tissue [12, 13]. About 50%-60% of magnesium is present as surface substitutes in the hydroxyapatite mineral component of bone. Most of the remaining magnesium is contained in skeletal muscle and soft tissue. The amount of magnesium in bones decreases with age, and in magnesium deficiency the magnesium stored in this way is not completely bioavailable.

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Breakdown and energetic utilization of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in intermediate metabolism (eg, glycolysis, respiratory chain phosphorylation). ATP exists primarily as a complex with magnesium (MgATP).

Control of calcium influx into cell membrane (contraction course, regulation of vascular muscle tone): muscle contraction/relaxation, neurotransmitter release, action potential conduction in nodal tissue, neuromuscular impulse conduction (calcium-dependent acetylcholine at the motor end Prevention of release. plate), maintenance and stabilization of membrane physiology, muscle contraction.

Economization of heart pump function, regulation of potassium movement in heart cells, protection against stress, vasodilation of coronary and peripheral arteries, reduction of platelet aggregation.

Regulation of transmembrane electrolyte flux, active transport of potassium and calcium across cell membranes, cell adhesion, and cell migration.

What Causes Low Magnesium?

Intracellular magnesium concentration from 5-20 mmol / L; 1%–5% is ionized, the remainder bound to proteins, negatively charged molecules, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) [ 14 , 15 ]. Extracellular magnesium accounts for 1%–3% of total body magnesium [ 13 , 15 ] and is primarily found in serum and red blood cells. Normal serum magnesium concentration is around 0.76-1.15 mmol/L [7, 16, 17, 18, 19]. It is classified into three sections. It is ionized (55%–70%), bound to protein (20%–30%), or complexed with anions (5%–15%) such as phosphate, bicarbonate, and citrate or sulfate. The red blood cell/serum magnesium ratio is about 2.8 [14, 15].

Dietary surveys of people in Europe and the United States still reveal that magnesium intake is below the recommended amount [20, 21, 22]. Epidemiological studies in Europe and North America have shown that people eating a Western-type diet are low in magnesium content, i.e., <30%-50% of the RDA for magnesium. It is suggested that magnesium intake in the United States has decreased from 500 mg per day to 175-225 mg per day over the past 100 years. This may be a result of increased use of fertilizers and processed foods [5, 9, 22, 23, 24]. In 1997, the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) of the Institute of Medicine increased the Dietary Reference Intake (RDA) for magnesium based on the results of controlled balance studies. The new RDA ranges from 80 mg/day for children ages 1-3 years to 130 mg/day for children ages 4-8 years. For older men, the RDA range for magnesium decreases to 240 mg/day (range, ages 9-13) and increases to 420 mg/day for men ages 31-70 and older. For females, the RDA for magnesium ranges from 240 mg/day (ages 9-13) to 360 mg/day for females age 14-18. The RDA for women aged 31-70 years and older is 320 mg/day [6].

Water [25] comprises ~10% of daily magnesium intake, with chlorophyll (and green vegetables such as spinach) being the main source of magnesium. Nuts, seeds and unprocessed grains are also rich in magnesium. Legumes, fish and meat have the highest concentrations of magnesium. Certain types of food processing, such as refining grains to remove the nutrient-rich germ and bran, can significantly reduce magnesium levels. Low magnesium concentrations are found in dairy products other than milk [24, 26].

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