What Organs Are Part Of The Nervous System – The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a nervous system component responsible for regulating involuntary body functions, such as heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, and pupillary response.

It consists of two main divisions: the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, which often work in opposition to maintain the body’s internal balance or homeostasis.

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The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is part of the peripheral nervous system and controls vital functions such as heartbeat, breathing, and digestion.

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It is also involved in the acute stress response, where it works with the endocrine system to prepare the body for fight-or-flight. It can be further subdivided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

The ANS transmits information from and to the internal body organs such as the liver and the lungs. It operates automatically and is generally considered to be outside the realm of voluntary control.

The ANS, therefore, is different from the somatic nervous system (another branch of the peripheral nervous system) as this system is associated with controlling voluntary body movements. Although most of the functions of the ANS are automatic, they can work in conjunction with the somatic nervous system.

The ANS is important for regulating the body, and essential for maintaining homeostasis. This means balancing the body’s conditions and functions necessary for living.

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Examples of the functions controlled by the ANS are salivating, sweating, changing pupil size, controlling heart rate, crying and secreting hormones.

More recently, the ANS is believed to be associated with emotions. Activation of the ANS has been found when people respond to positive and negative emotions (Shiota et al., 2011). Below is a list of some of the functions of the ANS:

The hypothalamus, located right above the brain stem, receives autonomic regulatory input from the limbic system (a group of structures deep in the brain that is associated with functions such as memory, emotion, and fear). The hypothalamus uses this input to control much of the activity of the ANS.

There are three branches to the ANS; The sympathetic nervous system, the parasympathetic nervous system, and the enteric nervous system.

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The two systems have complementary functions, operating in tandem to maintain the homeostasis of the body. The nerves in the sympathetic nervous system help prepare the body for something happening in the environment and expend energy.

The nerves in the parasympathetic nervous system work mostly by regulating the functions of the body when at rest, controlling mostly ‘silent’ activities.

The sympathetic nervous system is involved in responses that help us deal with emergencies. It slows body processes that are less important in emergencies, such as digestion.

For example, if the temperature of a room is hot, the sympathetic system will encourage the body to sweat in response to this change.

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For example, walking home alone in a dark street can be scary for many people. When you walk, your pupils may dilate, your heart rate may increase, and you may sweat.

The response to a stressful situation is caused by the release of large quantities of the neurotransmitter epinephrine from the adrenal gland. Once this stimulating neurotransmitter is released, it triggers the body’s automatic responses.

The purpose of stimulating the body’s responses is to prepare the individual to flee or fight in dangerous situations. Although the sympathetic nervous system is evolutionarily used in life-threatening situations, modern-day life and mental health can also trigger this response.

Work-related stress, financial concerns, and relationship problems are examples of when the sympathetic nervous system can produce the stress response.

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Similarly, those with anxiety disorders and phobias experience high quantities of epinephrine, resulting in them experiencing the same autonomic responses as in life-threatening situations.

The parasympathetic nervous system relaxes the individual once the emergency has passed (for example, slows the heart rate down and reduces blood pressure) and concerns the body’s natural activity by decreasing activity / maintaining it.

The parasympathetic nervous system is associated with returning the body to resting state functions such as regulating heart rate, relaxing muscles and controlling the bladder. This makes the parasympathetic nervous system important in supporting homeostasis.

The parasympathetic nervous system can also come into play once a threatening situation is over. For example, when walking home alone at night, the body relaxes once he returns home, and the threatening situation is over.

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The pupils will constrict, the heart rate will return to a resting rhythm, and sweating will be reduced or stopped. The parasympathetic system is therefore important for ensuring we return to normal after a stressful situation.

Without this system, the body will be constantly alert, draining all energy, and this can lead to chronic stress.

The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a branch of the ANS that operates independently of the central nervous system. This system consists of neurons confined to the gastrointestinal tract (also known as the gut).

The neurons that comprise the enteric system are responsible for controlling the motor functions of the system as well as secreting enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract. The types of neurons in the enteric system are sensory, motor and interneurons.

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The neurons in this system communicate through many neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, serotonin and acetylcholine. The circuits of neurons in this system can also control local blood flow and modulate immune functions.

Autonomic dysfunction Autonomic dysfunction, or dysautonomia, is a condition in which the autonomic nervous system (ANS) does not function properly.

In developed countries, the most common cause of issues with ANS result from diabetes (Bishop, 2010). However, other causes may be due to hereditary factors, aging, Parkinson’s disease, cancer or chronic fatigue syndrome. Other causes may be inflicted on someone by damage to the head, damage to the neck nerves, alcohol and drug abuse, or infections.

If someone believes they may have a problem with their ANS, they may show one or more of the following symptoms:

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Autonomic neuropathy refers to the damage of autonomic nerves. These are disorders that can affect the sympathetic nerves, parasympathetic nerves, or both.

The features of autonomic neuropathy include a fixed heart rate, constipation, abnormal sweating, decreased pupil size and absent or delayed light reflexes (Bankenahally & Krovvidi, 2016).

Suppose you are experiencing the aforementioned symptoms and an individual wants to know if it is related to their ANS being dysfunctional.

In this case, many tests can be performed, depending on the symptom that is experienced. For example, if you experience abnormal heart rhythms, a doctor may use an electrocardiogram to measure electrical activity in the heart.

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Blood pressure monitors can also test whether blood pressure is abnormally high or low. Sweat tests can assess whether the sweat glands are functioning properly.

This involves using electrodes to stimulate the glands and measuring the sweat volumes produced when presented with a stimulus. Pupillary light reflex tests can also be used to determine how sensitive pupils are to changes in light and whether they respond appropriately.

These types of physical examinations are required if someone believes they may have a problem with their ANS. Typically, if there is an issue, it may require a lot of trial and error from many tests to diagnose a condition.

To be able to treat a dysfunctional ANS, again, depends on the type of diagnosis given. For example, if the cause of dysfunction is due to diabetes, controlling blood sugar will be the primary treatment.

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In many cases, treatment of the underlying disease (if applicable) can allow damaged nerves in the ANS to repair and regenerate. It may be that lifestyle changes are recommended by a doctor to treat ANS dysfunction.

This can be by exercising more often, modifying eating habits or diet, cutting down on caffeine or taking vitamin supplements. Drug therapies have also been shown to be effective in helping to treat or manage ANS dysfunction.

This may include medications used to lower blood pressure and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to help control pain (especially for fibromyalgia). Similarly, antidepressants and anti-anxiety medications can help with anxiety symptoms and have been shown to help re-balance the ANS.

The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for returning the body to a relaxed and restorative state after an emergency or stress.

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It counteracts the effects of the sympathetic division, which initiates the “fight or flight” response during emergencies. The parasympathetic system promotes “rest and digest” functions, restoring balance and conserving energy.

The enteric division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) can function independently without being stimulated by the central nervous system. It primarily manages the functions of the gastrointestinal tract, including digestion and motility, and can work autonomously but also communicates with the central nervous system.

The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system prepares the body for action in stressful situations, often referred to as the “fight or flight” response. It increases heart rate, dilates airways, and redirects blood flow to muscles, among other responses, to prepare the body for immediate action.

Saul McLeod, Ph.D., is a qualified psychology teacher with over 18 years’ experience working in further and higher education. He has published in peer-reviewed journals, including the Journal of Clinical Psychology.

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Olivia Guy-Evans is a writer and associate editor for Simply Psychology. She previously worked in the healthcare and educational sectors. The parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) is one of two major divisions of the larger autonomic system in your body. Its function is to keep the basic functions of your body working as it should

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