What Organ System Is The Nose In – This article is about the olfactory system of vertebrates, specifically humans. For olfactory wasps in other life forms, see Olfaction. For machines, see Machine Smell.

The olfactory system, or sse of smell, is a sensory system used for olfaction. Smell is one of the special organs that have specific organs directly connected. Most mammals and reptiles have a primary olfactory system and an accessory olfactory system. The main olfactory system detects substances in the air, while the auxiliary system detects stimuli in the fluid phase.

What Organ System Is The Nose In

The senses of smell and taste (the gustatory system) are often collectively referred to as the chemosensory system, because both provide the brain with information about the chemical composition of objects through a process called transduction.

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This diagram linearly (unless otherwise noted) traces the projections of all known olfactive structures to their relevant points in the human brain.

The peripheral olfactory system consists mainly of the nostrils, the ethmoid bone, the nasal cavity, and the olfactory epithelium (layers of thin mucus-covered tissue that line the nasal cavity). The primary components of the epithelial tissue layers are mucous membranes, scent glands, olfactory neurons, and nerve fibers of the olfactory nerves.

Odor molecules can penetrate the peripheral pathway and reach the nasal cavity either through the nostrils during inhalation (olfaction) or through the throat where the tongue forces air into the back of the nasal cavity while chewing or swallowing (retro-nasal olfaction).

Inside the nasal cavity, the mucus lining the walls of the cavity dissolves odor molecules. Mucus also covers the olfactory epithelium, which contains mucous membranes that produce and store mucus, and scent glands that secrete metabolic winters found in the mucus.

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Olfactory ssory neurons in the epithelium detect odor molecules dissolved in mucus and transmit odor information to the brain in a process called ssory transduction.

Olfactory neurons have cilia (tiny hairs) that contain olfactory receptors that bind to odorant molecules, causing an electrical response that propagates through the olfactory neuron to olfactory nerve fibers in the back of the nasal cavity.

Olfactory nerves and fibers transmit information about smells from the peripheral olfactory system to the central olfactory system of the brain, which is separated from the epithelium by the rib plate of the ethmoid bone. Olfactory nerve fibers, originating from the epithelium, pass through the cribriform plate, connecting the epithelium with the limbic system of the brain at the olfactory bulbs.

The main olfactory bulb transmits impulses to both mitral and tufted cells, which help determine odorant contraction based on when certain neuronal clusters fire (called the ‘time code’). These cells also notice differences between very similar odors and use that information to aid later recognition. The cells differ in that mitral cells have low firing rates and are easily inhibited by neighboring cells, while tufted cells have high firing rates and are more difficult to inhibit.

Human Body Anatomy Gullet System. Head Nasal And Throat Breathing Structure. Teeth And Tongue In Mouth, Face Illustration. Medical Profile Inside Exam Stock Photo

How the bulbar neural circuit transforms odor inputs to the bulb into bulbar responses that are stable in the olfactory cortex can be partially understood using a mathematical model.

The uncu contains the olfactory cortex, which includes the piriform cortex (posterior orbitofrontal cortex), the amygdala, the olfactory tubercle, and the parahippocampal gyrus.

The olfactory tubercle connects to numerous areas of the amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, brainstem, retina, auditory cortex, and olfactory system. *There are 27 entrances and 20 exits in total. It is an oversimplification of its role to say that it: verifies that olfactory signals are derived from actual odors and not villus irritation regulates motor behavior (primarily social and stereotypic) induced by odors integrates auditory and olfactory information to perform the above tasks , and plays a role in transmitting positive rewarding signals to parents (and is therefore involved in addiction).

The amygdala (in smell) processes pheromone, allomone, and kairomone (same-species, cross-species, and cross-species where the emitter is impaired and the ssor is favored, respectively) signals. Due to the evolution of the cerebrum, this processing is secondary and therefore largely unnoticed in human interactions.

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Allomones include floral scts, natural herbicides, and natural toxic plant chemicals. Information for these processes comes from the vomeronasal organ indirectly via the olfactory bulb.

Pulses from the main olfactory bulb in the amygdala are used to match odors to names and recognize differences between odors and odors.

The stria terminalis, especially the bed nuclei (BNST), act as an information pathway between the amygdala and the hypothalamus, as well as the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. BNST abnormalities often lead to sexual confusion and immaturity. The BNST also connects to the septal area, rewarding sexual behavior.

The hippocampus (although minimally connected to the main olfactory bulb) receives almost all of its olfactory information via the amygdala (either directly or via the BNST). The hippocampus forms new and strengthens existing memories.

Organs Of Excretion

The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is highly correlated with the cingulate gyrus and septal area to act as positive/negative reinforcement. OFC is the expectation of reward/punishment in response to stimuli. OFC represents emotion and reward in decision making.

When different odorous items or components are mixed, humans and other mammals sniffing the mixture (pressed, for example, with a sniff bottle) are often unable to identify the components in the mixture even though they can recognize each individual component on its own.

This is mainly because each olfactory neuron can be excited by multiple odor components. It has been proposed that, in an olfactory environment that typically consists of multiple odor components (e.g., the odor of a dog going into the kitchen containing the background odor of coffee), feedback from the olfactory cortex to the olfactory bulb

So that a newly arrived odor of the foreground (e.g. a dog) can be singled out from the mixture for recognition.

Tissues, Organs, & Organ Systems (article)

Odor problems can be divided into different types based on their malfunction. Olfactory dysfunction can be complete (anosmia), incomplete (partial anosmia, hyposmia, or microsmia), distorted (dysosmia), or characterized by spontaneous sensations such as phantosmia. The inability to recognize smells despite the normal functioning of the olfactory system is called olfactory agnosia. Hyperosmia is a rare condition characterized by an abnormally heightened sense of smell. Like vision and hearing, olfactory problems can be bilateral or unilateral, meaning if a person has anosmia on the right side of the nose, but not on the left, it is unilateral right anosmia. On the other hand, if it is on both sides of the nose, it is called bilateral anosmia or total anosmia.

Destruction of the olfactory bulb, tract and primary cortex (Brodmann area 34) leads to anosmia on the same side as the destruction. Also, an irritative lesion of the uncus leads to olfactory hallucinations.

Damage to the olfactory system can occur from traumatic brain injury, cancer, infection, inhalation of toxic fumes, or neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. These conditions can cause anosmia. In contrast, the rect finding suggested that molecular aspects of olfactory dysfunction may be recognized as a hallmark of amyloidogenesis-related diseases and that there may be a causal link through a disorder of multivalent transport and storage of metal ions.

Doctors can detect damage to the olfactory system by having the patient place odors over a scratch-and-sniff card or by having the patient close their eyes and try to identify commonly available odors such as coffee or peppermint candy. Doctors must rule out other diseases that inhibit or eliminate the “sense of smell” such as chronic colds or sinusitis before making a diagnosis of permanent damage to the olfactory system.

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The prevalence of olfactory dysfunction in the US general population was assessed by questionnaire and survey in the 2012-2014 National Health Survey.

Of over a thousand people aged 40 and over, 12.0% reported a problem with smell in the last 12 months, and 12.4% had olfactory dysfunction on examination. Prevalence increased from 4.2% in ages 40-49 to 39.4% in ages 80 and older and was higher in m than women, in blacks and Mexican Americans than in whites, and in those with less education. Of safety concerns, 20% of people 70 and older were unable to identify smoke and 31% were unable to identify natural gas.

Common causes of olfactory dysfunction: old age, viral infections, exposure to toxic chemicals, head trauma, and neurodegenerative diseases.

Aging is the strongest cause of smell decline in healthy adults, which has a greater impact than cigarette smoking. Age-related changes in olfactory function often go unnoticed, and olfactory ability is rarely clinically tested, unlike hearing and vision. 2% of people under the age of 65 have chronic problems with smell. This increases significantly in people aged 65 to 80, with around half having significant problems with smell. For adults over 80, that number rises to nearly 75%.

Nose Throat Anatomy Human Mouth Respiratory System Anatomy Model Human Stock Vector By ©eveleen 653654848

The most common cause of permanent hyposmia and anosmia are infections of the upper respiratory tract. Such dysfunctions do not change over time and may sometimes reflect damage not only to the olfactory epithelium, but also to central olfactory structures as a result of viral invasion of the brain. Among these virus-related illnesses are the common cold, hepatitis, influenza and flu-like illnesses, as well as herpes. Notably, COVID-19 is associated with olfactory impairment.

Chronic exposure to some airborne toxins, such as herbicides, pesticides, solvents, and heavy metals (cadmium, chromium, nickel, and manganese), can alter the ability to smell.

These agents not only damage the olfactory epithelium,

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