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What Organ Is Part Of The Digestive System

Harvey J. Dworken Professor Emeritus of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. Author Gastroenterology: Pathophysiology and Clinical and Other Applications.

Human Digestive System Tract Anatomy Structure And Parts Infographic Diagram Digestion Process Organ Esophagus Stomach Liver Pancreas Intestine Rectum Anus Vector Cartoon Drawing Isolated Stock Vector

William T. Keaton Liberty Hyde Bailey Professor of Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 1969–80. author of biological science; Elements of biological science.

William Sirkos Senior Consultant Physician, Gastrointestinal System Unit; Formerly Reader in Medicine, University of Edinburgh. Co-editor of The Scientific Foundations of Gastroenterology.

Encyclopedia editors Encyclopedia editors supervise fields in which they have extensive knowledge, either from years of experience gained working on this content or through studies for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.

The human digestive system, a system used in the human body for the digestive process. The human digestive system consists mainly of the digestive system, or the series of structures and organs through which food and liquids pass during their processing into forms that are absorbed into the bloodstream. The system also consists of the structures through which waste passes in the elimination process and other organs that contribute juices needed for the digestive process.

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The digestive system starts at the lips and ends at the anus. It consists of the mouth, or oral cavity, with its teeth, for grinding food, and its tongue, which is used to knead food and mix it with saliva; the throat, or pharynx; esophagus; the stomach; the small intestine, consisting of the duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum; and the large intestine, which consists of the colon, a closed sac that connects with the ileum, the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon and the sigmoid colon, which ends at the anus. Glands that contribute to digestive juices include the salivary glands, the gastric glands in the lining of the stomach, the pancreas and the liver and its auxiliaries – the gallbladder and bile ducts. All these organs and glands contribute to the physical and chemical breakdown of ingested food and the eventual elimination of indigestible waste. Their structures and functions are described step by step in this section.

Little digestion of food actually takes place in the mouth. However, in the process of mastication, or mastication, food is prepared in the mouth for transport through the upper digestive tract to the stomach and small intestine, where the main digestive processes take place. Chewing is the first mechanical process to which food is subjected. The movements of the lower jaw in chewing are caused by the muscles of mastication (hamster, temporalis, medial and lateral pterygoids and buccinator). The sensitivity of the gum membrane that surrounds and supports the teeth, and not the strength of the chewing muscles, determines the bite force.

Chewing is not essential for proper digestion. Chewing does help digestion by reducing the food into small particles and mixing it with the saliva secreted from the salivary glands. Saliva lubricates and moistens dry food, while chewing spreads the saliva throughout the food mass. The movement of the tongue against the hard palate and cheeks helps create a rounded mass, or bolus, of food.

The lips, two fleshy folds that surround the mouth, are composed of skin on the outside and mucous membrane, or mucosa, on the inside. The mucous membrane is rich in salivary glands, which together with the saliva ensure adequate lubrication for speaking and chewing.

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The cheeks, the sides of the mouth, are continuous with the lips and have a similar structure. A distinct fat pad is found in the subcutaneous tissue (the tissue under the skin) of the cheek; This pad is especially large in babies and is known as the suction pad. On the inner surface of each cheek, in front of the second upper molar, a slight elevation marking the opening of the parotid duct, leading from the parotid salivary gland, located in front of the ear. Right behind this gland are four to five salivary glands, the ducts of which open in front of the last molar tooth.

The roof of the mouth is concave and formed by the hard and soft palate. The hard palate is formed by the horizontal parts of the two palatine bones and the palatine parts of the maxillae, or maxillae. The hard palate is covered with a thick, somewhat pale mucous membrane, which is continuous with that of the gums and is attached to the upper jaw and the bones of the palate by firm fibrous tissue. The soft palate is continuous with the hard palate in front. Behind it is continuous with the mucous membrane covering the floor of the nasal cavity. The soft palate consists of a strong, thin, fibrous sheet, the palatine aponeurosis and the glossopalatine and pharyngopaltine muscles. A small projection called a scum hangs freely from the back of the soft palate.

The floor of the mouth can only be seen when the tongue is raised. In the midline stands out a raised fold of mucous membrane (frenulum linguae) that binds each lip to the gums, and on each side of it a light fold called the sublingual papilla, from which the ducts of the sublingual salivary glands open. Running out and back from each sublingual papilla is a ridge (the plica sublingualis) that marks the upper edge of the sublingual salivary gland (under the tongue) and on which most of the ducts of that gland open.

The gums consist of mucous membranes connected by thick fibrous tissue to the membrane surrounding the jawbones. The gingival membrane rises and forms a collar around the base of the crown (the exposed part) of each tooth. Rich in blood vessels, the gingival tissues receive branches from the alveolar arteries; These blood vessels, called alveolar because of their relation to the alveoli of the teeth, or the sockets of the teeth, also supply the teeth and the cancellous bone of the upper and lower jaw, where the teeth are located. The function of the digestive system is to break down the foods you eat, release their nutrients and absorb those nutrients into the body. Although the small intestine is the workhorse of the system, where most of the digestion takes place, and where most of the nutrients released in the blood or lymph are absorbed, each of the organs of the digestive system has an essential contribution to this process.

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As with all body systems, the digestive system does not work in isolation; It works in cooperation with the rest of the body’s systems. Take for example the connection between the digestive system and the cardiovascular system. The arteries supply the digestive organs with oxygen and processed nutrients, and veins drain the digestive system. These intestinal veins, which make up the hepatic portal system, are unique; They do not return blood directly to the heart. Instead, this blood is directed to the liver, where its nutrients are secreted for processing before the blood completes its circuit back to the heart. At the same time, the digestive system provides nutrients to the heart muscle and vascular tissue to support their function. The interrelationship of the digestive and endocrine systems is also critical. Hormones secreted by several endocrine glands, as well as endocrine cells of the pancreas, stomach and small intestine, contribute to the control of digestion and nutrient metabolism. In turn, the digestive system provides the nutrients to fuel endocrine function. Table 1 gives a quick look at how these other systems contribute to digestive function.

Lymphatic tissues associated with the mucosa and other lymphatic tissues defend against the entry of pathogens; lacteals absorb fats; And lymphatic vessels transport fats into the bloodstream

The easiest way to understand the digestive system is to divide its organs into two main categories. The first group is the organs that make up the digestive tract. The accompanying digestive organs form the second group and are critical to orchestrating the breakdown of food and the assimilation of its nutrients in the body. The accessory digestive organs, despite their name, are critical to the functioning of the digestive system.

Also called the gastrointestinal tract (GI) or intestine, the alimentary canal (hai-= “to feed”) is a one-way tube about 7.62 meters (25 feet) long during life and closer to 10.67 meters (35 feet) long when Measured after death, after loss of smooth muscle tone. The main function of the digestive tract organs is to nourish the body. This tube starts at the mouth and ends at the anus. Between these two points, the canal changes as the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestine to accommodate the body’s functional needs. Both the mouth and the anus are open to the external environment; Thus, food and waste within the alimentary canal are technically considered to be outside the body. Only in the absorption process do the nutrients enter

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