What Is Water's Role In The Light Reaction Of Photosynthesis – The formation of spherical drops of liquid water minimizes the surface area, which is a natural result of the surface tion in liquids.

A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but maintains a nearly constant volume independent of pressure. It is one of the four basic states of matter (the others are solid, gas, and plasma), and is the only state with a definite volume but no fixed shape.

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The density of a liquid is usually close to that of a solid, and higher than that of a gas. Therefore, liquids and solids are both called condensed matter. Conversely, when a liquid and a gas share the ability to flow, both are called fluids.

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Liquids consist of tiny vibrating particles of matter, such as atoms, held together by intermolecular bonds. Like gases, liquids can flow and take the shape of a container. Unlike gases, liquids maintain a relatively constant density and do not spread out to fill every space of the container.

Although liquid water is abundant on Earth, this state of matter is actually the rarest in the known universe, as liquids require a relatively narrow temperature/pressure range to exist. The most recognizable matter in the universe is either gas (as interstellar clouds) or plasma (as stars).

Thermal image of a sink full of hot water with cold water added, showing how the hot and cold water flows into each other.

Liquid is one of the four main states of matter, with the others being solid, gas and plasma. Liquid is liquid. Unlike solids, molecules in liquids have greater freedom to move. The forces that hold molecules together in a solid are temporary in a liquid, allowing the liquid to flow while the solid remains rigid.

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Liquids, like gases, display fluid properties. Liquids can flow, assume the shape of a container, and, if placed in a closed container, will distribute the pressure exerted on each surface in the container. If the liquid is placed in a bag, it can be squeezed in any shape. Unlike gases, liquids are nearly incompressible, meaning they occupy nearly constant volume over a wide range of pressures; it does not expand to fill the space available in the container but forms its own surface, and it may not always mix easily with other liquids. These properties make the fluid ideal for applications such as hydraulics.

Liquid particles are strongly but not rigidly bound. They can move around each other freely, resulting in a limited degree of particle mobility. As the temperature increases, the increase in molecular vibration causes the distance between molecules to increase. When a liquid reaches its boiling point, the cohesive forces that hold the molecules together are broken, and the liquid changes to its gaseous state (unless superheating occurs). If the temperature is reduced, the distance between the molecules becomes smaller. When a liquid reaches its freezing point, the molecules usually lock into a very specific arrangement, called crystallization, and the bonds between them become more rigid, turning the liquid into its solid state (unless supercooling occurs).

Only two elements are liquids at standard conditions for temperature and pressure: mercury and bromine. Four other elements have melting points slightly above room temperature: francium, cesium, gallium and rubidium.

Also, mixtures of certain elements are liquids at room temperature, even if individual elements are solids at the same conditions (see eutectic mixtures). An example is the sodium-potassium metal alloy NaK.

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Other metal alloys that melt at room temperature include galinstan, which is a gallium-indium-tin alloy that melts at −19 °C (−2 °F), as well as some amalgams (alloys involving mercury).

Pure substances that are liquid under normal conditions include water, ethanol and many other organic solvents. Liquid water is very important in chemistry and biology, and it is necessary for all known forms of life.

Important everyday fluids include aqueous solutions such as household bleach, other mixtures of different substances such as mineral oil and gasoline, emulsions such as vinaigrette or mayonnaise, suspensions such as blood and colloids such as paint and milk.

Many gases can be liquefied by cooling, producing liquids such as liquid oxygen, liquid nitrogen, liquid hydrogen and liquid helium. However, not all gases can be liquefied at atmospheric pressure. Carbon dioxide, for example, can only be liquefied at pressures above 5.1 atm.

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Some substances cannot be classified in the three classical states of matter. For example, liquid crystals (used in liquid crystal displays) have both solid-like and liquid-like properties, and belong to their own states of matter that are distinct from liquids or solids.

A lava lamp contains two immiscible liquids (molt wax and aqueous solution) which add movement due to convection. In addition to the top surface, a surface is also formed between the liquids, requiring a sion casting to recombine the wax droplets at the bottom.

Liquids are useful as lubricants because of their ability to form a thin, free-flowing layer between solid materials. Oil-like lubricants are preferred for appropriate viscosity and flow characteristics throughout the component’s operating temperature range. Oil is often used in gins, gearboxes, metalworking, and hydraulic systems for its good lubricating properties.

Many liquids are used as solvents, to dissolve other liquids or solids. Solutions are found in a wide variety of applications, including paints, sealants and adhesives. Naphtha and acetone are frequently used in industry to clean oil, grease and tar from parts and machinery. Body fluids are water-based solutions.

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Surfactants are commonly found in soaps and detergents. Solvents such as alcohol are often used as antimicrobials. It is found in cosmetics, inks, and liquid dye lasers. It is used in the food industry, in processes such as vegetable oil extraction.

Td liquids have better thermal conductivity than gases, and the ability to flow makes them ideal for removing excess heat from mechanical components. Heat can be removed by passing the liquid through a heat exchanger, such as a radiator, or heat can be removed with the liquid during evaporation.

In machining, water and oil are used to remove excess heated heat, which can quickly damage both the workpiece and the tool. During sweating, sweat removes heat from the human body by evaporating. In the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) industry, fluids such as water are used to transfer heat from one area to another.

Liquids are often used in cooking because of their excellent heat transfer capabilities. In addition to heat conduction, fluids transmit energy through convection. In particular, because warmer liquids expand and rise while cooler regions contract and sink, liquids with low kinematic viscosity td to transfer heat by convection at a relatively constant temperature, making liquids suitable for poaching, boiling or frying. Higher heat transfer rates can be achieved by condensing the gas into a liquid. At the boiling point of a liquid, all the heat ergy is used to cause the phase change from liquid to gas, without an accompanying increase in temperature, and is stored as chemical pottial ergy. When the condensed gas returns to liquid, this excess heat energy is released at constant temperature. This phomon is used in processes such as steaming.

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Because liquids often have different boiling points, mixtures or solutions of liquids or gases can usually be separated by distillation, using heat, cold, vacuum, pressure or other means. Distillation can be found in everything from the production of alcoholic beverages, to oil refineries, to the cryogenic distillation of gases such as argon, oxyg, nitrog, neon, or xon through liquefaction (cooling them below their individual boiling points).

Fluids are the main components of hydraulic systems, which take advantage of Pascal’s law to provide fluid power. Devices such as pumps and waterwheels have been used to convert fluid motion into mechanical work since ancient times. The oil is forced through the hydraulic pump, which transmits this force to the hydraulic cylinder. Hydraulics can be found in many applications, such as automotive brakes and transmissions, heavy equipment, and aircraft control systems. Various hydraulic presses are widely used in repair and manufacturing, for lifting, pressing, clamping and forming.

Liquid metals have several properties that are useful in ssing and actuation, particularly electrical conductivity and the ability to transmit force (incompressibility). As a free-flowing material, liquid metals retain these bulk properties even under extreme deformation. For this reason, they have been proposed for use in soft robots and wearable healthcare devices, which must be able to operate under repeated deformations.

Metallic gallium is considered a promising candidate for this application because it is liquid near room temperature, has low toxicity, and evaporates slowly.

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Liquids are sometimes used in measuring devices. Thermometers often use the thermal expansion of a liquid, such as mercury, combined with its ability to flow to indicate temperature. A manometer uses the weight of a liquid to indicate air pressure.

The free surface of the rotating liquid forms a circular paraboloid and a can

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