What Is The Use Of Calcium Phosphate – Carboplatin-loaded carbon nanotubes functionalized hyaluronate as a novel nanocarrier against lung cancer cells.

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What Is The Use Of Calcium Phosphate

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Influence Of Calcium Phosphate Composition And Design On Bone Regeneration, Degradation And Mechanical Function

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Author: Tanya J. Levingstone. J. Dunne Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar View Publications 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, *

Calcium And Phosphate Regulation

Medical Engineering Research Centre, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Stokes Building, Collins Avenue, Dublin 9, Ireland

Center for Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland

Submission received: September 27, 2019 / Revised: October 19, 2019 / Accepted: November 1, 2019 / Published: November 6, 2019

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials and additive manufacturing, focusing on the design of advanced scaffolds for hard tissue regeneration)

Solubility Isotherms Of Calcium Phosphate Phases At 37 °c And I ) 0.1…

Bone injuries and diseases constitute a burden both socially and economically, the consequences of the lack of effective treatment on the quality of life of patients and the costs to health systems. This emerging need has fueled the efforts of the research community to implement effective bone tissue engineering solutions. Recently, attention has been focused on the use of biomaterial-based nanoparticles to deliver therapeutic factors. Among the biomaterials considered so far, calcium phosphates have emerged as one of the most promising materials for bone repair applications due to their osteoconductivity, osteoinductivity and ability to be resorbed in the body. Calcium phosphate nanoparticles have received special attention as non-viral vectors for gene therapy, as factors such as plasmid DNA, microRNAs (miRNAs) and silencing RNAs (siRNAs) can be easily incorporated into their surface. Calcium phosphate nanoparticles loaded with therapeutic factors have also been delivered to the site of bone lesions using scaffolds and hydrogels. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current status of the design and synthesis of calcium phosphate nanoparticles as carriers of therapeutic factors, the loading and release mechanisms of therapeutic factors, and their application in bone tissue engineering.

Bone defects or bone loss, caused by trauma, congenital disorders or disease, represent a significant burden on the population and the healthcare system. The ability of bone to self-heal depends primarily on three factors: (1) the size of the bridging gap, (2) the stability of the fracture site, and (3) the quality of the patient’s bone. Many common diseases can affect bone quality and self-healing capacity, especially osteoporosis [1]. Other factors that play an important role in bone quality are aging and diabetes. Considering that an average of 10 million people in the USA suffer from osteoporosis and/or diabetes and the aging population, the challenges related to bone regeneration are expected to continue to increase in the future [2]. Therefore, there is a growing need to develop effective therapies for bone regeneration.

To address this clinical challenge, there has been increased interest in the development and administration of therapeutic factors to promote bone tissue regeneration. In general, these therapies are given systemically, which has many disadvantages, including higher doses and the potential for off-target effects. Therefore, research has focused on the development of biomaterials that act as carriers for drugs, therapeutic factors, and genetic cargo to treat disease and promote bone healing, thereby overcoming some of the limitations associated with systemic delivery. Among the biomaterials considered so far, calcium phosphates such as hydroxyapatite (HA) have been extensively investigated for use in bone repair applications due to their similarity to the mineral phase of natural bone, which gives them excellent biocompatibility [3]. Many calcium phosphates are also osteoinductive, as high levels of calcium and phosphate ions enhance the osteogenic differentiation of pluripotent cells into osteoblasts [ 4 , 5 ], and most are considered bioresorbable [ 6 ]. Therefore, the calcium phosphate family is considered a safe and effective class of materials for use in bone repair applications.

Over the years, different approaches have been proposed to adapt the application of calcium phosphate-based materials to the bone healing process. The current trend is focused on the design and development of calcium phosphates in nanoparticle form, as hydroxyapatite nanoparticles have been reported to best replicate the form of calcium phosphate found in natural healthy bones [5]. Nanoparticles used for therapeutic applications are generally between 10 and 100 nm in size, as small particles are easily excreted by the kidneys, and large-sized particles are removed by the spleen after phagocytization [7]. Such nanoparticles have been found to offer numerous advantages in terms of in vivo therapeutic applications: they are generally well tolerated by the body and have a high surface-to-volume ratio, which allows for a greater and increased driving force for diffusion. particle solubility [8]. This high surface-to-volume ratio can influence the adhesion of specific proteins, making them particularly suitable for the delivery of therapeutic factors [8]. Calcium phosphate nanoparticles have been successfully used to deliver a range of therapeutic factors for bone repair (Figure 1), including antibiotics [9], anti-inflammatory agents and growth factors such as bone morphogenetic factors (BMPs) and cytokines to enhance osteogenesis [10 ]. They have also shown promise for use in conjunction with gene therapy to deliver therapeutic signals for bone repair purposes, whereby nanoparticles interact with host tissue to form a complex that can further enhance bone tissue repair and regeneration [10, 11].

Frontispiece: Biological And Medical Applications Of Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles

Gene therapy is considered a more effective way to deliver key osteogenic factors. The approach uses small circular DNA molecules, known as plasmid DNA (pDNA), to deliver specific genes that code for particular proteins. These DNA molecules are then loaded into a delivery vector designed to enhance cellular uptake [10]. Numerous studies have demonstrated the feasibility of using calcium phosphate nanoparticles as delivery vectors for gene therapy, for example using pDNA encoding bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) [ 12 ]. MicroRNAs [13] and silencing RNAs (siRNAs) [14] have also been successfully delivered using calcium phosphate nanoparticles [15]. Furthermore, calcium phosphate nanoparticles loaded with therapeutic factors have been combined with scaffolds and hydrogels to deliver them to the site of bone lesions in the body [ 16 , 17 ].

Based) is distinguished based on its chemical composition, crystallinity and morphology [18]. Consequently, the different types of calcium phosphate can be classified according to Table 1. The main differences between these calcium phosphates relate to the Ca/P ratio and solubility, with HA showing the highest Ca/P ratio and the lowest solubility in the physiological environment. Therefore, the reabsorption kinetics of calcium phosphates depends on the Ca/P ratio, thus allowing to tailor the bioresorbability in vivo and to choose the most suitable phase composition of calcium phosphates for a given application [18]. HA, alpha-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) and beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) have been the most studied for bone tissue engineering applications.

HA refers to the natural mineral found in calcified tissues. In the physiological environment, HA is typically observed as nano-sized rods, 30–50 nm long, 15–30 nm wide, and 2–10 nm thick [ 8 ]. The application of calcium phosphate-based materials in bone tissue regeneration supports the important role played by Ca.

Ions in the regulation of bone resorption and bone deposition. Healthy bones, in fact, undergo constant remodeling by osteoclasts, osteocytes and osteoblasts, mainly communicating through Ca channels.

Full Article: Development Of Bioinspired Damage Tolerant Calcium Phosphate Bulk Materials

The ions Although most calcium phosphate-based materials are osteoconductive, some are also osteoinductive, thus causing undifferentiated cells to differentiate along the osteoblast lineage [19]. For example, Liu et al. showed that the incorporation of α-TCP into bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) could enhance the

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