Greenhouse Gases That Contribute To Global Warming – This article is about the atmospheric phonons that cause planetary heating. For the general heating or cooling of the Earth’s surface, see Earth’s thermal budget. For other uses, see Greyhouse (disambiguation).

Greenhouse gases allow sunlight to pass through the atmosphere and heat the planet, but the planet absorbs and redirects some of the longwave radiation (heat) emitted.

Greenhouse Gases That Contribute To Global Warming

Energy flows down from the Sun and up through the Earth and its atmosphere. While greenhouse gases block radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface, they block that radiation from escaping into space, causing the surface temperature to rise by about 33 °C (59 °F).

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The greenhouse effect occurs when greenhouse gases in a planet’s atmosphere insulate the planet from heat loss to space and increase its surface temperature. Surface heating may come from an internal heat source, in the case of Jupiter, or from its host star in the case of Earth. In the case of Earth, the Sun emits shortwave radiation (sunlight) that passes through greenhouse gases to heat the Earth’s surface. In response, the Earth’s surface emits longwave radiation (heat) that is mostly absorbed by greenhouse gases. It reduces the heat absorption rate at which the Earth can cool in response to heating by the Sun. Adding greenhouse gases reduces the rate at which a planet emits radiation into space, raising its average surface temperature.

About 14 °C (57 °F), or compared to a more rectangular average of about 15 °C (59 °F).

In addition to naturally occurring greenhouse gases, burning fossil fuels has increased the amount of carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere.

The wavelengths of radiation emitted by the Sun and Earth are different because their surface temperatures are different. The Sun has a surface temperature of 5,500 °C (9,900 °F), so it emits most of its energy as shortwave radiation in the near-infrared and visible wavelengths (as sunlight). In contrast, Earth’s surface temperature is much lower, so it emits longwave radiation at mid- and far-infrared wavelengths (sometimes called thermal radiation or radiated heat).

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A gas is a greenhouse gas if it absorbs longwave radiation. Earth’s atmosphere absorbs only 23% of incoming shortwave radiation, but absorbs 90% of longwave radiation emitted by the surface,

The existence of the Greenhouse effect, while not named as such, was proposed as early as 1824 by Joseph Fourier.

The argument and proof were further strengthened in 1827 and 1838 by Claude Poulet. In 1856, Eunice Newton Foote showed that the solar heating effect was greater for air containing water vapor than for dry air, and that the effect of carbon dioxide was greater. .

The grayhouse effect on Earth is defined as: “The infrared radiative effect of all infrared absorbing structures in the atmosphere. Grayhouse gases (GHG), clouds, and some aerosols absorb terrestrial radiation emitted elsewhere in the Earth’s surface and atmosphere.”

How Do Greenhouse Gases Contribute To Global Warming?

The enhanced grayhouse effect describes the fact that increasing the concentration of GHGs in the atmosphere (due to human activity) increases the natural grayhouse effect.

The term Greyhouse effect comes from Greyhouse’s analogy. Both greenhouses and the greyhouse effect work by retaining heat from sunlight, but the way they retain heat is different. Greenhouses retain heat primarily by blocking convection (air movement).

In contrast, the greenhouse effect conserves heat by restricting radiative transfer through the air and reducing the rate at which heat escapes to space.

This 1912 Popular Mechanics article briefly described the greenhouse effect and its effect on climate, accessible to the general public.

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The argument and proof were further strengthened in 1827 and 1838 by Claude Poulet. In 1856, Eunice Newton Foote showed that the solar heating effect was greater for air containing water vapor than for dry air, and that the effect of carbon dioxide was greater. . She concluded that “that gaseous atmosphere would give our Earth a high temperature…”

John Tyndall was the first to measure the infrared absorption and emission of various gases and vapors. From 1859, he showed that the effect was due to a very small proportion of the atmosphere, with the principal gases having no effect, and that it was largely due to water vapour, although small percolations of hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide had a significant effect.

The effect was measured more fully in 1896 by Svante Arrhius, who made the first quantitative prediction of global warming due to a predicted doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide.

This section is an excerpt from History of Climate Change Science § First Calculations of Greyhouse Effect, 1896.[edit]

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In 1896, Swant Arius used Langley’s observations of increased infrared absorption where the Moon’s rays pass through the atmosphere at a lower angle, encountering more carbon dioxide (CO

. He realized that a cooler atmosphere holds less water vapor (another greenhouse gas) and calculated the additional cooling effect. He also realized that cooling would increase snow and ice cover at high latitudes, causing the planet to reflect more sunlight and thus cool, as James Croll had predicted. Altogether Erichius calculated that the cutting CO

Half would be enough to cause an ice age. He further calculated that a doubling of atmospheric CO

Matter emits thermal radiation in an amount that is directly proportional to the fourth power of its temperature. Some of the radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface is absorbed by greenhouse gases and clouds. Without this absorption, Earth’s average surface temperature would be −18 °C (−0.4 °F). However, due to the absorption of some radiation, the average surface temperature of the Earth is about 15 °C (59 °F). Thus, the Earth’s greenhouse effect can be measured as a temperature change of 33 °C (59 °F).

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). Scientists also measure the greenhouse effect by measuring how much more longwave thermal radiation leaves the Earth’s surface than reaches space.

Reaches space. Thus, the Earth’s greenhouse effect can also be measured as an energy flux change of 159 W/m.

The Greyhouse effect can be expressed as the fraction (0.40) or perctage (40%) of longwave thermal radiation that leaves the Earth’s surface but does not reach space.

Whether the greenhouse effect is expressed as a change in temperature or as a change in longwave thermal radiation, the same effect is measured.

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The strengthening of the greenhouse effect by additional greenhouse gases from human activities is known as enhanced greenhouse effect.

Ice core data show that carbon dioxide varied from values ​​as low as 180 ppm to pre-industrial levels of 270 ppm.

Paleoclimatologists consider variations in carbon dioxide deposition to be a fundamental factor influencing climate variability on these time scales.

Solar radiation spectrum for direct light both at the top of Earth’s atmosphere and at sea level

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A hot object emits short wavelengths of radiation. As a result, the Sun emits shortwave radiation as sunlight while the Earth and its atmosphere emit longwave radiation. Sunlight includes ultraviolet, visible light, and near-infrared radiation.

Sunlight is reflected and absorbed by the Earth and its atmosphere. The atmosphere and clouds reflect about 23% and absorb 23%. The surface reflects 7% and absorbs 48%.

The greenhouse effect is a reduction in the flux of outgoing longwave radiation, which affects the radiative balance of the planet. The spectrum of outgoing radiation shows the effects of different greenhouse gases.

Informally, longwave radiation is sometimes called thermal radiation. Outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) is radiation from the Earth and its atmosphere that passes through the atmosphere and into space.

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The Greyhouse effect can be seen directly in graphs of the Earth’s outgoing longwave radiation as a function of frequency (or wavelength). The area between the curve for longwave radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface and the curve for outgoing longwave radiation indicates the size of the Greenhouse effect.

Different materials are responsible for reducing the reach of radiant energy at different frequencies; For some frequencies, multiple substances play a role.

Carbon dioxide is believed to be responsible for the decrease in outgoing radiation (and the associated increase in the grayhouse effect) of about 667 cm.

Each layer of the atmosphere, along with greenhouse gases, absorbs some of the long-wave radiation transmitted upward from the lower layers. It also emits longwave radiation in all directions, both upward and downward, in balance with the amount it absorbs. This results in less radiant heat loss and more warmth underneath. The increase in compressibility of gases increases the amount of absorption and emission, and thus more heat is retained at the surface and in the lower layers.

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The power of outgoing longwave radiation emitted by a planet is proportional to the effective temperature of the planet. The effective temperature is the temperature that a radiating planet with a uniform temperature (blackbody) would need to have to dissipate the same amount of energy.

This concept can be used to compare the amount of longwave radiation emitted into space and the amount of longwave radiation emitted by a surface:

Earth’s surface temperature is reported in terms of the average air temperature near the surface. This is about 15 °C (59 °F),

Slightly lower than the effective surface temperature. This value is 33 °C (59 °F) warmer than the Earth’s overall effective temperature.

Each Country’s Share Of Co2 Emissions

Ergy flux is the rate of ergy flow per unit area. Energy flux is expressed in units of W/m

, which is the number

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