What Is The Main Function Of Vitamin D – The human body gets vitamin D either from the diet or from sun exposure. Which of the following represents the conversion of vitamin D derived from animal sources to its active form in the kidney?

We will focus on vitamin D, which together with parathyroid hormone helps increase calcium levels, while calcitonin helps lower them.

What Is The Main Function Of Vitamin D

The majority of the extracellular calcium, the calcium in the blood and interstitium, is divided almost equally into calcium that is diffusible and calcium that is not diffusible.

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The first is free ionized calcium, which is involved in all sorts of cellular processes such as neuronal action potentials, contraction of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle, hormone secretion, and blood coagulation, all of which are tightly regulated by enzymes and hormones.

The second category is complexed calcium, which is where the positively charged calcium is ionically linked to small negatively charged molecules such as oxalate and phosphate, which are small anions, found in our blood.

The complexed calcium forms a molecule that is electrically neutral, but unlike free-ionized calcium, it is not useful for cellular processes.

The resulting protein-calcium complex is too large and charged to cross membranes, so the non-diffusible calcium is also not involved in cellular processes.

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Now, after parathyroid hormone, the metabolically active form of vitamin D, also called calcitriol, is the second most important hormone involved in regulating blood calcium.

Either vitamin D2, or ergocalciferol, which comes from plant sources in our diet, and vitamin D3, or cholecalciferol, which can either come from animal products in our diet, but can also be made in skin cells exposed to sunlight.

Vitamin D is a steroid hormone whose function is to promote mineralization of new bone. This is accomplished by increasing calcium and phosphate absorption in the gut and kidneys, and stimulating osteoclast activity in the bone, to promote bone remodeling. These actions are carried out in conjunction with parathyroid hormone, which shares many of the effects of vitamin D. Vitamin D can be acquired as an inactive intermediate through the diet or through synthesis in the skin. Its physiologically active form is found only after hydroxylation in the kidneys by the enzyme 1-alpha-hydroxylase to 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.

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The Importance Of Vitamin D In Getting And Staying Healthy

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In humans and animals, hypovitaminosis D is currently a topic receiving close scrutiny in the etiology of multisystemic disease including gastrointestinal disease, cancer, cardiac and infectious diseases, as well as diseases involving chronic inflammation.

Also known as cholecalciferol, is obtained primarily from skin exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation in sunlight, or ingestion of food sources such as fish, egg yolk, butter, soy, and liver, as well as oral supplements. Most studies show that vitamin D3 is more effective than vitamin D2 in raising blood levels of vitamin D. Humans and some other mammals (rats/sheep) can produce vitamin D3 in their skin, but dogs and cats cannot, and must rely exclusively on diet for vitamin D, which is why the ingredients used in pet food are a rich source of vitamin D3.

Vitamin D from the diet or skin synthesis is biologically inactive; enzymatic conversion (hydroxylation) in the liver and kidney is required for activation. Once vitamin D enters the body, it is absorbed in the gut, where it is stored in fat or transported to the liver. In the liver, vitamin D is hydroxylated to 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], composed of both forms of vitamin D: 25(OH)D

Production, Metabolism And Functions Of Vitamin D

D] in the kidney and select other tissues through the action of the 1α-hydroxylase enzyme. The resulting 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D is the most physiologically active form, also known as calcitriol. The main targets of vitamin D are the intestines, bones, kidneys and parathyroid glands.

The main function of vitamin D is to maintain calcium and phosphorus homeostasis by increasing intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus, mobilizing calcium and phosphorus from bone, and stimulating Ca reabsorption and phosphorus excretion in the kidney. In addition, in the kidney, 1, 25(OH)

D inhibits renal 1α-hydroxylase and stimulates 24-hydroxylase (which breaks down vitamin D), reducing production and increasing catabolism of 1, 25(OH)

The importance of vitamin D in the functioning of many body systems is the subject of current research being conducted today. In the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, we can observe low vitamin D levels as a result of reduced intake, or loss as in the case of inflammatory conditions of the gut. However, when dogs with chronic enteropathy were compared to dogs with non-GI disease (regardless of vitamin D intake), their vitamin D levels were still lower, suggesting other mechanisms involved in hypovitaminosis D. These low levels of D were associated with a decrease in both total and ionized calcium, low albumin, and a worse prognosis. Although hypovitaminosis D in chronic enteropathy has traditionally been considered a

Vitamin D Deficiency

Of intestinal diseases, there is growing evidence that hypovitaminosis D may contribute to the initiation of intestinal inflammation rather than simply being a secondary consequence of the intestinal pathology.

In a recent study looking at serum vitamin D levels and markers of inflammation in dogs with chronic enteropathy, vitamin D levels were inversely related to levels of inflammatory markers. Vitamin D deficiency has been hypothesized to contribute to the development of IBD as we know it can affect tight junctions and epithelial permeability, thereby affecting antigen exposure and the mucosal immune system.

In addition, a recent study investigating the relationship between vitamin D status and inflammation in dogs with chronic enteropathies found a negative relationship between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and neutrophil and monocyte concentrations, serum IL-2 and IL-8 concentrations, duodenal inflammatory score.

Finally, supporting evidence for an association between hypovitaminosis D and chronic enteropathies comes from rodent models that have shown that vitamin D-deficient mice are more susceptible to experimental forms of inflammatory bowel disease. Furthermore, feeding mice a vitamin D-deficient diet predisposes them to the development of colitis. Research is ongoing on the role of hypovitaminosis D and its contribution to intestinal inflammation.

Vitamin D: To Take Or Not To Take?

Vitamin D has also been shown to be related to cardiovascular disease. A recently published study examined the association between vitamin D status, represented by serum 25(OH)D measurements, and congestive heart failure (CHF) or cardiovascular events in 82 client-owned dogs. Mean 25(OH)D concentrations were lower in dogs with CHF compared to unaffected dogs, regardless of dietary vitamin D intake, and there was an association between 25(OH)D concentrations and time to clinical manifestation of CHF or sudden death. In addition, the mean calculated vitamin D intake per kg of metabolic body weight in dogs with chronic heart failure was not significantly different from that of unaffected dogs. Another study showed that the median concentration of 25(OH)D was significantly lower in dogs with valvular stage B2 and C/D disease than dogs with stage B1 disease.

Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with human cardiovascular disease, including myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death. The pathogenesis of hypovitaminosis D may be related to D’s effect on promoting cardiac contractility / and having an antihypertrophic effect on myocardial cells.

Neoplasia is probably one of the more studied areas involving vitamin D metabolism and its effect on cancer development and metabolism. 25(OH)D measurements in a group of 87 Labrador retrievers showed that the mean concentration of 25(OH)D in serum was lower in dogs with cutaneous mast cell tumors, compared to unaffected dogs, regardless of dietary vitamin D intake. The low vitamin D status in dogs with tumor may be of significance because the vitamin D receptor is expressed on the majority of mast cell tumors. In humans, low 25 (OH)D concentrations have been associated with an increased incidence of cancer. Since it is estimated that 25% of cancers are a result of chronic inflammation, there may be a connection between vitamin D as it relates to chronic inflammatory conditions.

Chronic inflammatory conditions in the kidneys, heart, gastrointestinal tract, as a result of chronic infection have been linked to low vitamin D levels. Low vitamin D status has been negatively associated with C-reactive protein in dogs with hemoabdomen; other studies have revealed abnormalities in cellular function as well as cytokine levels as a result of low D levels.

Protocol For Life Balance

Infections in dogs, is the focus of vitamin D research. Vitamin D has been used to treat chronic mycobacterial infection because an association has been discovered between low levels of D and the immune response to this infection. In cats with mycobacterial infections, lower levels of 25 (OH) D were detected,

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