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The body contains three types of muscle tissue: (a) skeletal muscle, (b) smooth muscle, and (c) cardiac muscle. (Same magnification)

What Is The Function Of Muscle Tissue

Muscle is soft tissue, one of the animal tissues that make up three different types of muscles. Muscle tissue gives skeletal muscles the ability to contract. Muscle is formed during embryonic development, in a process known as myogenesis. Muscle tissue contains special contractile proteins called actin and myosin that interact to cause movement. Among many other muscle proteins, there are two regulatory proteins, troponin and tropomyosin.

Muscular System Anatomy And Physiology

Muscle tissue varies according to function and location in the body. In vertebrates, there are three types: skeletal or striped; smooth muscles (non-striated) muscles; and heart muscle.

Skeletal muscle tissue consists of elongated, multinucleated muscle cells called muscle fibers, and is responsible for body movement. Other tissues in skeletal muscle include tendons and perimysium.

Smooth and cardiac muscle contract involuntarily, without conscious intervention. These types of muscles can be activated both through the interaction of the central nervous system and by receiving innervation from the peripheral plexus or docrine (hormonal) activation. The striated or skeletal muscles only voluntarily contract under the influence of the central nervous system. Reflexes are a form of unconscious activation of skeletal muscles, but they are nevertheless produced by activation of the central nervous system, although they do not involve cortical structures until contraction occurs.

Different muscle types differ in their response to neurotransmitters and hormones such as acetylcholine, noradrenaline, adraline and nitric oxide depending on the type of muscle and the exact location of the muscle.

Functional Morphology Of Muscles • Functions Of Cells And Human Body

Sub-categorization of muscle tissue is also possible, inter alia, depending on the content of myoglobin, mitochondria and myosin ATPase, etc.

Three different types of muscle (from L to R): smooth (non-striated) muscle of the internal organs, cardiac or cardiac muscle, and skeletal muscle.

There are three types of muscle tissue in vertebrates: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. Skeletal and cardiac muscle are types of striated muscle tissue.

There are three types of muscle tissue in invertebrates based on their striated pattern: striated, obliquely striated, and smooth muscle. There are no smooth muscles in arthropods. The striated type is most similar to skeletal muscle in vertebrates.

Introduction To The Muscular System: Video & Anatomy

Skeletal muscle tissue of vertebrates is elongated striated muscle tissue with fibers three to eight micrometers wide and 18 to 200 micrometers long. In the wall of the uterus during pregnancy, they are large in length from 70 to 500 micrometers.

Skeletal striated muscle tissue is arranged in regular, parallel bundles of myofibrils that contain many contractile units known as sarcomeres, which give the tissue its striated (striated) appearance. Skeletal muscle is a voluntary muscle that is anchored by ligaments or sometimes aponeuroses to bone, and is used to effect skeletal movement such as locomotion and to maintain posture. Postural control is mainly maintained as an unconscious reflex, but the muscles responsible can also respond to conscious control. The average adult man is 42% skeletal muscle as a percentage of body mass, and the average adult woman is 36%.

Cardiac muscle tissue, found only in the walls of the heart as the myocardium, is an involuntary muscle that is controlled by the autonomic nervous system. Cardiac muscle tissue is striated like skeletal muscle, containing contractile units called sarcomeres in a very regular arrangement of bundles. While skeletal muscle is arranged in regular, parallel bundles, cardiac muscle connects at branching, irregular angles known as intercalated discs.

Smooth muscle tissue is non-striated and involuntary. Smooth muscles are found within the walls of organs and structures such as the esophagus, stomach, intestines, bronchi, uterus, urethra, bladder, blood vessels, and the arrector pili in the skin that controls the erection of body hair.

Principles Of Animal Function

Skeletal muscle striated cells in microscopic view. Myofibers are straight vertical bands; horizontal striations (lighter and darker bands) that are visible as a result of differences in composition and density along the fibrils within the cells. The dark, cigar-like spots next to the myofibers are the nuclei of the muscle cells.

Smooth muscles are involuntary and not striated. It is divided into two subgroups: single-unit (unitary) and multi-unit smooth muscles. Within unicellular cells, the entire bundle or sheet is collected as a syncytium (ie, a multinucleated mass of cytoplasm that is not separated into cells). Multiunit smooth muscle tissues innervate single cells; as such, they allow for fine control and graded responses, similar to the recruitment of motor units in skeletal muscle.

Smooth muscles are found within the walls of blood vessels (such smooth muscles are specifically called vascular smooth muscles) such as the tunica media layer of large (aorta) and small arteries, arterioles and veins. Smooth muscle is also found in the lymphatic vessels, bladder, uterus (called uterine smooth muscle), male and female reproductive tracts, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, arrector pili of the skin, ciliary muscle, and iris of the eye. The structure and function is basically the same in smooth muscle cells in different organs, but the inducing stimuli differ significantly, in order to produce individual effects in the body at certain times. In addition, kidney glomeruli contain smooth muscle-like cells called mesangial cells.

Cardiac muscle is an involuntary, striated muscle found in the walls and histological base of the heart, particularly the myocardium. Heart muscle cells (also called cardiomyocytes or myocardocytes) predominantly contain only one nucleus, although there are populations with two to four nuclei.

What Organelle Must Be Present In Large Numbers In Muscle Cells?

The myocardium is the muscle tissue of the heart and forms a thick middle layer between the outer layer of the epicardium and the inner layer of the docardium.

Coordinated contractions of cardiac muscle cells in the heart push blood from the atria and ventricles into the blood vessels of the left/body/systemic and right/lung/pulmonary circulatory systems. This complex mechanism illustrates the systole of the heart.

Heart muscle cells, unlike most other tissues in the body, rely on available blood and electricity to deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove waste products such as carbon dioxide. Coronary arteries help fulfill this function.

Chick embryo, showing paraxial mesoderm on either side of the neural crest. The anterior (front) part has begun to form somites (labeled “primitive segments”).

Parts Of A Skeletal Muscle

All muscles are derived from paraxial mesoderm. The paraxial mesoderm is divided along the length of the embryo into somites, corresponding to the segmentation of the body (most obviously found in the vertebral column.

Each somite has three divisions, the sclerotome (which forms the vertebrae), the dermatome (which forms the skin), and the myotome (which forms the muscles). The myotome is divided into two parts, epimeres and hypomeres, which form the epaxial and hypoxial muscles, respectively. The only epaxial muscles in humans are the erector spinae and the small intervertebral muscles, and they are innervated by the dorsal branches of the spinal nerves. All other muscles, including those of the limbs, are hypaxial and are innervated by the ventral branches of the spinal nerves.

During development, myoblasts (muscle progenitor cells) either remain in the somite to form the muscles associated with the spinal column or migrate into the body to form all other muscles. Myoblast migration is preceded by the formation of a connective tissue framework, usually formed from the mesoderm of the somatic lateral plate. Myoblasts follow the chemical signals to the appropriate locations, where they fuse into elongated skeletal muscle cells.

The primary function of muscle tissue is contraction. The three types of muscle tissue (skeletal, cardiac and smooth) have significant differences. However, all three use the movement of actin against myosin to create contraction.

Question Video: Identifying The Muscle Type From Its Function

In skeletal muscles, contraction is stimulated by electrical impulses carried by motor nerves. Contractions of the heart and smooth muscles stimulate internal pacemaker cells that contract regularly and propagate the contractions to other muscle cells with which they are in contact. All skeletal muscle and many smooth muscle contractions are facilitated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

Smooth muscle is found in almost all organ systems such as hollow organs including the stomach and bladder; in tubular structures such as blood and lymphatic vessels and bile ducts; in sphincters such as in the uterus and the eye. In addition, it plays an important role in the ducts of exocrine glands. It fulfills various tasks such as closing the opening (eg, pylorus, uterine axis) or transporting chyme through the undulating contractions of the intestinal tube. Smooth muscle cells contract more slowly than skeletal muscle cells, but are stronger, more durable and require less energy. Smooth muscles are also involuntary, unlike skeletal muscles which require stimulation.

Cardiac muscle is the muscle of the heart. It is self-contracting, autonomously regulated and must continue to accumulate in a rhythmic manner throughout the life of the organism. That is why it has special characteristics. The muscular system is a system that includes muscle cells and muscle tissue. The muscular system of the human body is made up of specific cells called muscle fibers.

The main function of the muscular system is the motor function. By contracting muscle fibers, it helps in

Muscle And Connective Tissue

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