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Functions Of Magnesium In The Human Body

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The Top 10 Benefits Of Magnesium Oil Spray

By Marta Pelczyńska Marta Pelczyńska Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar * , Małgorzata Moszak Małgorzata Moszak Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar and Pawel Bogdanski Pawel Bogdanski Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar

Department of Obesity Treatment, Metabolic Disorders and Clinical Dietetics, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 84 Zmarziecko Street, 60-569 Poznań, Poland

Received: 28 March 2022 / Revised: 14 April 2022 / Accepted: 19 April 2022 / Published: 20 April 2022

Magnesium (Mg) is an essential nutrient for maintaining vital body functions. It is involved in many fundamental processes, and Mg deficiency is often associated with adverse health outcomes. On the one hand, most Western civilizations consume less than the recommended daily allowance of Mg. On the other hand, a growing body of evidence has indicated that chronic hypomagnesemia is involved in the pathogenesis of various metabolic disorders such as overweight and obesity, insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension (HTN), May be. Changes in lipid metabolism, and low-grade inflammation. High intake of Mg with diet and/or supplementation prevents chronic metabolic complications. The protective action of Mg may include limiting adipose tissue accumulation, improving glucose and insulin metabolism, enhancing endothelium-dependent vasodilation, normalizing lipid profile, and reducing inflammatory processes. Thus, Mg currently appears to play an important role in the development of obesity-associated metabolic disorders, although further randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating Mg supplementation strategies are needed. This work represents a review and synthesis of recent data on the role of MG in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders.

Signs & Symptoms Of Magnesium Deficiency: A Doctor’s Perspective

Magnesium (Mg) is an important mineral in the human body that is involved in regulating many bodily functions. This micronutrient acts as a cofactor or activator in more than 300 enzymatic reactions, including RNA and DNA synthesis, protein, lipids and carbohydrate metabolism, cell membrane stability, bone and calcium (Ca) metabolism. , or participates in the functioning of the nervous and immune systems. , 2]. To guarantee the proper functioning of the above processes, a dietary supply of Mg in food and beverages is required. The recommended daily allowance (RDA) for Mg intake is 320 mg and 420 mg for adult women and men, respectively [3]. In turn, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) set the Adequate Intake (AI) of Mg at 350 mg/day for men and 300 mg/day for women [4]. Unfortunately, epidemiological data show that the daily allowance of Mg is not usually met in most populations, mostly due to unhealthy dietary patterns, especially the so-called “Western diet”. ” [2, 5]. Symptoms of Mg deficiency are often nonspecific and may be confused with low intake of other nutrients. Clinical diagnosis of Mg deficiency has also become a challenge because its serum concentration does not reflect the total content in the human body [6]. Furthermore, Mg deficiency is not only associated with adverse health effects but also with several diseases such as cardiovascular diseases (arrhythmias, preeclampsia, heart failure), neurological diseases (headaches, seizures, strokes), respiratory diseases (bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive. pulmonary disease) and depression [7].

In recent years, special attention has been paid to the involvement of MG in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders. Nevertheless, its exact mechanism of action in this area is not fully understood. Some studies have shown that chronic Mg deficiency is associated with various clinical and clinical symptoms such as overweight and obesity, insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension (HTN), increased changes in lipid metabolism. May be associated with risk. and atherosclerosis, and, as a consequence, a higher risk or cardiovascular diseases (CVD) [8, 9, 10]. The aforementioned disorders share an important pathophysiological component attributed to chronic low-grade inflammation (LGI). The protective action of MG includes reducing the inflammatory process, improving glucose and insulin metabolism, enhancing endothelium-dependent vasodilation, and normalizing the lipid profile [ 11 ]. Thus, it currently appears that Mg plays an important role in the development of metabolic disorders associated with obesity, and therefore, we conducted this study.

This work represents a review and synthesis of recent data on the role of MG in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders.

In the human body, Mg is mostly located in bones and teeth (about 60%) as well as in the intracellular space (about 40%), i.e. muscles and soft tissues, while <1% is in the blood. In clinical practice, the most common method used to assess Mg status is the estimation of its concentration in serum, with a reference range between 0.75 and 0.95 mmol/L (Table 1) [12]. . As mentioned above, only 0.8% of this micronutrient is found in human blood with 0.3% in serum and 0.5% in erythrocytes [2, 7]. Thus, this method appears to poorly reflect total body Mg levels. The latter, i.e., may be influenced by dietary pattern, particularly Mg intake, albumin levels, or Mg supplementation, which affects the total amount of Mg absorbed and excreted by the kidneys. In subclinical Mg deficiency, blood levels may not deviate from normal. Conversely, severe Mg deficiency can occur in tissues and bones. It has been estimated that subjects with Mg concentrations in the lower normal range (<0.8 mmol/L) are likely to be deficient in this micronutrient. Therefore, they should be tested with alternative methods used to assess Mg levels because its serum concentration does not reflect the total Mg content in tissues and organs. These conditions can lead to reduced Mg deficiency in both healthy and diseased individuals [13, 14].

Magnesium (mg): Recommended Intake, Benefits, Deficiency

Diagnosis of MG deficiency is difficult. A more accurate way to estimate Mg concentration in the human body is the red blood cell (RBC) Mg level (between 4.2 and 6.8 mg/dL) (Table 1) [15]. In Mg deficiency, this micronutrient is removed from RBC cells to maintain blood Mg levels within the normal range. It is recommended not to supplement with any minerals within a week before the analysis [6, 15]. It is worth noting that some studies have shown that this method is only useful in long-term Mg-replete or depleted dietary samples (more than three months) and also on the validity of this method [16, 17]. There is a question mark.

Among other methods used to assess Mg status, urinary Mg levels correlate poorly with the amount of this micronutrient in the human body because of the wide diurnal variation in Mg excretion and reabsorption by the kidneys. due to the ascent [6]. On the other hand, a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials demonstrated a significant dose- and time-response of circulating Mg concentration and 24-h urinary Mg excretion to oral supplementation [18]. Other methods remain intravenous or oral Mg loading tests followed by 24-h urine collection with assessment of Mg excretion. Some studies have shown that load retention greater than 27% (closer to 2–8% in healthy individuals) indicates Mg deficiency [19, 20]. Conversely, some reviews criticize this technique because of clinical inappropriateness, high cost, and questionable standardization [ 21 , 22 ]. Sometimes, non-commercial techniques are used to assess Mg status such as non-invasive intracellular mineral-electrolyte analysis (EXA) or hair mineral analysis tests as well as isotopic Mg labels [ 16 ]. Finally, it is suggested that ionized serum Mg concentration [23] as well as the serum Mg/Ca ratio (with a maximum range at 0.4) are also functional indicators of Mg status and its turnover in the human body (Table 1) [24].

Advanced Mg deficiency: tremors, movement and muscle stiffness, pain, seizures, cardiac arrhythmias, ventricular tachycardia, personality changes or depression [25]

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