What Is The Energy Source Of Photosynthesis – Chemosynthesis is the process by which bacteria or other living things produce food using chemicals as an energy source, usually in the absence of sunlight. A solar-powered world

Most life on the planet is based on a food chain that revolves around sunlight. Plants, algae and photosynthetic bacteria use the sun’s energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen through the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is possible in any ecosystem that has enough sunlight – on land, in shallow water, even in and under pure ice.

What Is The Energy Source Of Photosynthesis

In the deep ocean, however, there is no light. And yet, oceanic research expeditions to hydrothermal vents and cold seeps have revealed dense oases of life. Here, instead of sunlight as the primary form of energy, chemical energy is used in a process called chemosynthesis.

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Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae and photosynthetic bacteria convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars (food), using energy from the sun.

Chemosynthesis was first observed as the basis of a food web in 1977 during an ocean exploration expedition near the Galápagos Islands. There, researchers observed hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor spewing a chemical soup of hot fluid along with thriving communities of giant tubeworms. Around these hydrothermal vents was a community of several new animal species — thriving despite living in total darkness with no access to sunlight! These amazing communities have since been found in hydrothermal vents and cold seep sites around the world.

Chemosynthetic microbes, such as bacteria and archaea, form the basis of food webs in hydrothermal vents and cold channels. Instead of photosynthesis, these organisms use chemosynthesis, the process of creating sugar (food) using energy released through chemical reactions. Unlike photosynthesis, there is no single chemical pathway that defines chemosynthesis. Different chemosynthetic microbial species live in hydrothermal vent and cold seep communities, each using different pathways to harness energy from the chemical-rich waters that emerge from these seafloor features.

), is common in fluids that percolate and emerge from the seafloor at cold seepage sites. The diagram on the next page shows how chemosynthetic microbes harness the energy released by reactions with these chemicals and use it to drive carbon fixation processes that convert inorganic carbon into sugar/food (C

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Chemosynthesis is the process by which microbes create sugars (food) using the energy released by chemical reactions. This process is used to fuel the base of the food web in hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. Chemosynthesis processes at vents and channels vary depending on the different chemicals found in the waters emerging from the seabed at those locations.

In a world without access to solar energy, chemosynthesis is the basis for the development of rich, diverse communities. Chemosynthetic deep-sea bacteria form the foundation of a food web that includes a significant diversity of marine life including shrimp, tubeworms, clams, crustaceans, fish and octopus, to name a few.

A dense colony of chemosynthetic mussels grows next to methane hydrate at the site of a leak in the Gulf of Mexico.

Teachers and educators: Did you know you can save educational resources for upcoming classes by creating an educator account? You know what the sun is like, right? It’s this huge ball of burning gas that emits so much energy that it powers every organism on Earth, starting with our green friends, the plants. The sun emits all kinds of electromagnetic radiation, and plants use the energy that appears in the form of visible light to achieve the wild, magical process of photosynthesis.

Elodea Photosynthesis Lab — Dataclassroom

However, photosynthesis isn’t magic—it’s just the cool chemical work of these tiny cellular structures called chloroplasts, a type of organelle found only in plants and eukaryotic algae (eukaryotic means having a clearly defined nucleus) that captures sunlight and turns that energy into food for the plant .

Chloroplasts work like mitochondria, another type of organelle found in eukaryotic cells responsible for energy production, which is not surprising, since both evolved when some ancient bacteria was enveloped – but not digested! — a larger bacterium. This resulted in a kind of forced cooperation between the two organisms that we now explain through something called the “endosymbiont hypothesis”. Both chloroplasts and mitochondria reproduce independently of the rest of the cell and have their own DNA.

Chloroplasts can be found in any green part of a plant and are actually a sac within a sac (meaning there is a double membrane), which holds lots of tiny tiny sacs (structures called thylakoids) that contain a light-absorbing pigment called chlorophyll, suspended in some liquid ( called stroma).

The key to the photosynthetic magic of the chloroplast is in its membranes. Since the chloroplast began a long time ago as an independent bacterium with its own cell membrane, these organelles have two cell membranes: the outer membrane that is left over from the cell that enveloped the bacterium, and the inner membrane is the original membrane of the bacterium. Think of the outer membrane as gift wrapping paper and the inner membrane as the box the toy originally arrived in. The most important space for photosynthesis is the one between the inside of the box and the toy — the thylakoids.

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The double membrane of the chloroplast creates two partitions with four different spaces — the space outside the cell; cytoplasm inside the cell; stroma inside the chloroplast but outside the thylakoid (that is, the space between the inner and outer membranes, wrapping paper, and box); and the thylakoid space — basically inside the original bacterium. The thylakoids themselves are just little stacks of membrane-covered sacs—defined by their membranes, in fact. These membranes are dividers that prevent things from just cruising between spaces willy-nilly, allowing the chloroplast to accumulate electrically charged particles in certain areas and move them from one space to another through certain channels.

“That’s how batteries work,” says Brandon Jackson, an associate professor in the Department of Biology and the Environment at Longwood University in Farmville, Virginia. “It takes energy to put a lot of negative electrons on one end of the battery and a lot of positive charges on the other. If you connect the two ends with a wire, the electrons REALLY want to flow down to flatten the electrochemical gradient between them. They want to flow so much that if put something along that wire like a light bulb, a motor, or a computer chip, they’ll break through and become useful as they move. If you don’t If you do something useful, the movement will still release energy, but so will heat.”

According to Jackson, to make a battery in a plant cell, there must be an energy source and some dividers that create and maintain gradients. If the gradient is allowed to level off, some of the energy that was used to create it is released. So, in the case of the chloroplast battery, an electro-chemical gradient is created when the plant takes energy from the sun, and the membranes covering the thylakoids act as dividers between different concentrations of hydrogen ions (protons) that have torn off some water molecules.

A lot of chemistry happens inside the chloroplast, but the result of the chemistry is converting sunlight into stored energy — basically creating a battery.

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The sun shines on the leaf. That solar energy excites the electrons inside the water molecules in the leaves, and because the excited electrons bounce around so much, the hydrogen and oxygen atoms in the water molecules break apart, launching those excited electrons into the first stage of photosynthesis—a conglomeration of enzymes, proteins, and pigments called photosystem II, which they break down water, producing hydrogen ions (protons that will be used in the battery and oxygen gas that will float into the air as plant waste).

These energized electrons are transferred to some other membrane-bound proteins that use this energy to drive ion pumps that follow hydrogen ions from the space between the membranes into the thylakoid space, where all the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place. Photosystems and electronic pumps cover the surfaces of thylakoid membranes, pumping hydrogen ions from the stroma (the fluid space between the thylakoid and the inner membrane) into the stacks and stacks of thylakoid sacs—and those ions really want to get out of the thylakoids, which create an electrochemical gradient. That way, light energy—what shines on your face when you go outside—is turned into a kind of battery, like the ones that power your wireless headphones.

At this point, photosystem I takes over, which organizes the temporary storage of energy generated by the battery. Now that the electron is allowed to move up the gradient, it is much more relaxed, so it absorbs some light to re-energize it and passes that energy on to a special enzyme that uses it, the electron itself and a spare proton to make NADPH, the molecule that carries energy and provides short-term storage of chemical energy that will later be used for creation

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