What Are The Two Divisions Of The Peripheral Nervous System – Have you ever watched two people play the same piano? How do they coordinate their own finger movements, let alone synchronize them with their partner’s? The peripheral nervous system plays an important role in this task.

Consists of all nervous tissue outside the central nervous system (CNS). The main function of the PNS is to connect the CNS to the rest of the body. It acts as a communication relay between the CNS and muscles, organs, and glands throughout the body.

What Are The Two Divisions Of The Peripheral Nervous System

The tissues that make up the PNS are nerves and ganglia. Ganglia are neural tissues that act as relay points for messages transmitted through the nerves of the PNS. Nerves are bundles of cable-like axons that make up most of the PNS tissue. Nerves are generally classified as sensory, motor, or mixed based on the direction in which they transmit nerve impulses. See the sensory and motor examples in Figure (PageIndex).

Biod152 Anatomy And Physiology Ii

Figure (PageIndex): Afferent nerves are sensory nerves. What is pictured here sends nerve impulses from sensory cells in the skin to the CNS. Efferent nerves are motor nerves. This sends nerve impulses from the CNS to the muscles.

The PNS is divided into two major systems called the autonomic nervous system and the somatic (or sensoriosomatic) nervous system. Both systems of the PNS interact with the CNS and include sensory and motor neurons, but use different circuits of nerves and ganglia.

The somatic nervous system primarily senses the external environment and controls voluntary activity based on decisions and commands from the cerebral cortex of the brain. For example, when you feel too hot and decide to turn on the air conditioner and walk across the room to the thermostat, you are using your somatic nervous system. In general, the somatic nervous system is responsible for all conscious awareness of the external world and all voluntary motor activities performed in response. Whether you play the piano, drive a car, or play basketball, you can thank your somatic nervous system for making it possible.

Structurally, the somatic nervous system consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves (Figure (PageIndex)). Cranial nerves are located in the head and neck and connect directly to the brain. Sensory cranial nerves sense smell, taste, light, sound, and body position. Motor cranial nerves control the muscles of the face, tongue, eyes, throat, head, and shoulders. Motor nerves also control salivary glands and swallowing. Four of the 12 cranial nerves are mixed nerves, involved in both sensory and motor functions, and have both sensory and motor neurons.

Autonomic Nervous System Basics

The spinal nerves of the somatic nervous system emerge from the spinal column between the vertebrae. All spinal nerves are mixed nerves, containing both sensory and motor neurons. Spinal nerves also contain motor nerves that stimulate the contraction of skeletal muscles and enable voluntary body movements.

Diagram (PageIndex): This diagram summarizes the structures and functions controlled by the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. The images explained how the eyes, salivary glands, bronchi, heart rate, digestive system, bladder, and reproductive organs are affected in opposite ways by the two systems.

The autonomic nervous system primarily senses the internal environment and controls involuntary activities. Responsible for monitoring the state of the internal environment and making appropriate changes to the internal environment. In general, the autonomic nervous system is involved in all activities that take place in the body without conscious awareness or voluntary participation.

Structurally, the autonomic nervous system consists of sensory and motor nerves that run between the CNS (particularly the hypothalamus in the brain) and internal organs (such as the heart, lungs, and digestive organs) and glands (such as the pancreas and sweat glands). Masu. ). Sensory neurons in the autonomic nervous system detect conditions within the body and send messages to the brain. The motor neurons of the autonomic nervous system function by controlling the contraction of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or glandular tissue. For example, when the sensory nerves of the autonomic nervous system sense an increase in body temperature, the motor nerves send signals to the smooth muscles of blood vessels near the body’s surface, causing vasodilation, which causes sweat glands in the skin to secrete more sweat and increase body temperature. Cool.

Comparative Anatomy. Anatomy, Comparative. 522 Comparative Anatomy Muscles Or With Glands. The Ganglion Cells Of Both Types Lie Within The Gray Matter Of The Spinal Cord; But Those Of The Somatic

The autonomic nervous system has two divisions: the sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division. The two parts of the autonomic nervous system are summarized in the diagram (PageIndex). Both affect the same organs and glands, but generally in opposite ways.

Unlike the CNS, which is protected by bone, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid, the PNS has no such protection. The PNS also lacks a blood-brain barrier that protects it from toxins and pathogens in the blood. Therefore, the PNS is more susceptible to injury and disease than the CNS. Causes of nerve damage include diabetes, infections such as shingles, and poisoning with toxins such as heavy metals. PNS disorders often cause symptoms such as loss of sensation, tingling, burning, and muscle weakness. If a nerve is severed (completely severed) due to trauma, it can regrow, but this is a very slow process and can take many months.

Mindfulness techniques have been shown to reduce symptoms of anxiety and stress, as well as depression. It has also been shown to help manage pain and improve performance. Specific mindfulness programs include Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) and Mindfulness Mind Fitness Training (MMFT). To learn more about MBSR, watch the video below. The image you have of the nervous system includes the brain, which is the nervous tissue contained within the skull, and the spinal cord, which is an extension of the nervous tissue within the spinal column. . Additionally, the nervous tissue that extends from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body (nerves) is also part of the nervous system. The nervous system can be anatomically divided into two major regions. The central nervous system (CNS) is the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is the nerves (Figure 12.1.1). The brain is contained within the cranial cavity of the skull, and the spinal cord is contained within the spinal canal of the spinal column. The peripheral nervous system is so named because it is located in the periphery, beyond the brain and spinal cord.

Figure 12.1.1 – Central and peripheral nervous systems: The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord, and the PNS contains the nerves.

Somatic Nervous System: Definition And Function

In addition to the anatomical divisions listed above, the nervous system can also be divided based on its function. The nervous system is involved in receiving information about our surrounding environment (sensory functions, sensations), generating responses to that information (motor functions, responses), and coordinating the two (integration).

. Sensation refers to receiving information about the environment, what is happening outside (i.e. heat from the sun) or what is happening inside the body (i.e. heat from muscle activity) . These sensations are known as stimuli, and different sensory receptors are responsible for detecting different stimuli. Sensory information travels to the CNS through specific divisions of her PNS nerves known as the afferent (sensory) branches of the PNS. When information originates from sensory receptors in the skin, skeletal muscles, or joints, it is transmitted to the CNS using somatosensory neurons. When information originates from vascular or visceral sensory receptors, it is transmitted to the CNS using visceral sensory neurons.

The nervous system uses sensory stimuli to cause responses in effect organs (such as muscles and glands). The motor (efference) branch of the PNS carries signals from the CNS to the effectors. If the effector is a skeletal muscle, the information-carrying neurons are called somatic motor neurons. When the effector is the heart, smooth muscle, or glandular tissue, the information-carrying neurons are called autonomic motor neurons. Voluntary responses are innervated by somatic motor neurons, and involuntary responses are innervated by autonomic motor neurons. This will be explained in the next section.

. Stimuli detected by sensory structures are transmitted to the nervous system where the information is processed. In the CNS, information from one stimulus is compared or integrated with information from other stimuli or from memories of previous stimuli. Next, motor neurons are activated and a response from the effector organs is initiated. This process by which sensory information is processed and motor responses are generated is called integration (see Figure 12.1.2 below).

Solution: Central And Peripheral Nervous System Of Human

Figure 12.1.2 – Nervous System Function: Integration occurs in the CNS, where sensory information from the periphery is processed and interpreted. The CNS then creates a motor plan that is executed by efferent branches that coordinate with effect organs.

The nervous system can be divided into several divisions based on anatomy and physiology. The anatomical divisions are the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The CNS is the brain and spinal cord. The PNS is everything else, including afferent and efferent branches that further subdivide somatic, visceral, and autonomic functions.

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