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What Are Some Chemical Properties Of Helium

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High Resolution Spectroscopy Of Buffer Gas Cooled Phthalocyanine

Helium (He), chemical element, inert gas Group 18 (noble gases) of the periodic table. Another very light element (only lighter than hydrogen), helium is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that becomes a liquid at −268.9 °C (−452 °F). The boiling and freezing points of helium are lower than any other known substance. Helium is the only element that cannot be solidified by sufficient atmospheric cooling at normal pressure; it is necessary to apply a pressure of 25 atmospheres at a temperature of 1 K (−272 °C, or −458 °F) to convert it into a solid form.

Helium was detected in the gaseous atmosphere around the Sun by the French astronomer Pierre Janssen, who discovered a bright yellow line in the solar chromosphere during an eclipse in 1868; This line was originally taken to represent the element sodium. In the same year, the English astronomer Joseph Norman Lockyer observed a yellow line in the solar spectrum that did not correspond to the characteristic D.

The line was caused by an element in the Sun which was unknown on earth; he and the chemist Edward Frankland used the Greek name for the sun;

Element in the nomination. British chemist Sir William Ramsay discovered the existence of war on Earth in 1895. Ramsay obtained a sample of the uranium-bearing mineral cleveite, and by examining the gas produced by heating the sample he found a unique line of yellow color in it. spectrum matched that of D*

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A line observed in the spectrum of the Sun; the new element helium is thus conclusively identified. In 1903 Ramsay and Frederick Soddy further determined that helium is a product of the spontaneous disintegration of radioactive substances.

Helium makes up about 23 percent of the mass of the universe and is thus the second most abundant hydrogen in the cosmos. Helium is collected in stars, where it is collected from hydrogen by nuclear fusion. Although helium occurs in the Earth’s atmosphere only to the extent of 1 part in 200,000 (0.0005 percent) and small amounts occur in minerals, iron meteorites, and mineral springs, large volumes of helium are found as a component (up to 7.6 percent. ) in natural gas in the United States United States (especially in Texas, New Mexico, Kansas, Oklahoma, Arizona and Utah). Smaller supplies have been found in Algeria, Australia, Poland, Qatar and Russia. Ordinary air contains about 5 parts per million of helium, and the earth’s crust contains only about 8 parts per billion.

The nucleus of each helium atom contains two protons, but, as is the case with all elements, it is an isotope of helium. The known isotopes of helium contain from one to six neutrons, so their mass numbers range from three to eight. Of these six isotopes, only those with a group of three numbers (helium-3 or

He) a stable; all others are radioactive, decaying very rapidly into other substances. The war that is present on Earth is not a primitive element, but generated by radioactive decay. Alpha particles, ejected from the nucleus of a heavier radioactive substance, are nuclei of the isotope helium-4. Helium in the atmosphere does not accumulate in large quantities, because the gravity of the Earth is not sufficient for its development to escape into space. The trace of the isotope belium 3 on Earth is attributed to the negative beta decay of the rare hydrogen 3 isotope (tritium). Helium-4 is by far the most abundant stable isotope: helium-4 atoms of helium 3 about 700,000:1 in atmospheric helium about 7,000,000:1 in some helium-bearing minerals.

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Helium 4 is unique in having two liquid forms. The normal liquid form is called helium I and has a temperature range from its boiling point of 4.21 K (−268.9 °C) to 2.18 K (−271 °C). Below K 2.18, thermal conductivity becomes 4 more than 1,000 times that of copper. This liquid form is called helium II to distinguish it from normal liquid I. Helium II has a property called superfluidity: its viscosity, or resistance to flow, is so low that it has not been measured. This liquid spreads in a thin film over the surface of any substance it touches, and this film flows without friction even against the force of gravity. But the less abundant helium causes three liquids to be distinguished, two of which are superfluous. Superfluidity in helium-4 was discovered by Russian physicist Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa in the mid-1930s, and the same phenomenon in helium-3 was first observed by Douglas D. Osheroff, David M. Lee, and Robert C. Richardson of the United States of America. City in 1972

A liquid mixture of the two isotopes helium-3 and helium-4 separates into two parts at temperatures below about 0.8 K (−272.4 °C, or −458.2 °F). One wash of war 3 is almost pure; the other is mostly helium-4, but retains about 6 percent helium-3 even at the lowest temperatures. The dissolution of belium-3 in helium-4i with a cooling effect is used in the construction of cryostats (machines for the production of very low temperatures) that can achieve and maintain for days – temperatures as low as 0.01 K. 27.14 °C, 459.65 °F).

Helium gas (98.2 percent pure) is removed from natural gas by liquefying the other components at high temperatures and pressures. The absorption of other gases in a cooled, carbon-based mixture yields 99.995 percent pure helium. And some bell is given from the melting of the air in a great size; the amount of helium from 1,000 tons (900 metric tons) of air is about 112 cubic feet (3.17 cubic meters), at room temperature and normal atmospheric pressure.

Helium is used as an inert atmosphere to cook metals such as aluminum; in rocket propulsion (to pressurize the fuel tank, especially for liquid hydrogen, which is still only helium gas at the temperature of wet hydrogen); in meteorology (as a lifting gas for a fish-carrying instrument); in cryogenics, because liquid helium is the coldest substance; and in high-pressure breathing operations (mixed with oxygen, as in urinal and caisson work, especially because of the low solution in the blood stream). Meteorites and rocks have been analyzed for their war content as a means of dating. Helium is an odorless, colorless, tasteless and non-toxic gas. It has many unique properties such as low density, boiling point, low solubility, high thermal conductivity and inertness (less reactive).

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It is the only element that cannot solidify by lowering the temperature, it remains liquid up to absolute zero normal pressures, but solidifies easily by increasing the pressure.

The specific heat of helium is high and the density of helium gas is very low, but the boiling point is high on the normal side. Soild Helium-3 (He3) and Helium-4 (He4) are unusual in that both volumes can be changed by more than 30% pressure.

Helium is 6 times lighter than air, so when you bring in some helium or breath, then the volume of your voice will go up, and your voice will change like Donald Duck. Similarly, Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is also inert and non-toxic but it is 6 times heavier than air, so when you inhale some of the SF6 then the volume of your voice will go up, and your voice will change like Darth Vader.

Helium has no valency, as it seems to have a weak tendency to combine with certain other elements.

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Helium is not a reactive element, so it is used as an inert gas shield in robotic arc welding. It is also used as a protective gas (non-reactive atmosphere) to grow silicon & germanium crystals and to produce titanium & zirconium. Silicon and germanium crystals are used to make optical fiber and semiconductor electronic devices.

Helium is the only element capable of reaching a temperature of less than 15 K (258.15ºC, -434ºF). For this reason, Helium is used in Cryogenic research, and also as a cooling medium for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), as a gas-cooled fluid in nuclear reactors, and for superconducting magnets in MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scanners and NMR Spectrometers, and in the development of a state of superconductivity, where the resistance to the flow of electricity is almost zero. It is also used to cool satellite equipment, liquid oxygen, and liquid hydrogen.

Due to its low density, helium is a very heavy gas and is often used to fill decorative fish, weather fish, and airships (airship balloons). Consectuteure is also the lightest but it cannot be

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