The Main Bones Of The Human Skeleton – The adult human skeleton has about 206 bones, but this number can vary depending on factors such as injury and disease. Olga Bolbot/Shutterstock

The human body is an incredible machine. It works so well most of the time that we don’t pay much attention to a life support system.

The Main Bones Of The Human Skeleton

Right now, your body is performing vital tasks that are too complicated for you to understand. Fortunately, our bodies don’t require our understanding to pump our heart, oxygenate our blood, regulate hormone production, or keep us upright.

A Human Skeleton, Seen From The Front, Resting The Bones Of His Lower Left Arm On A Spade Handle. Engraving By D. M. Bonaveri, Ca. 1685/1690 After A Woodcut, 1543.

While standing, the human skeleton prevents us from making puddles on the ground, but what else do bones do? Bones rebuild themselves, make blood cells and bone tissue, protect our brain and our organs, and bones also help maintain a stable supply of calcium in our body.

And, even after you leave this world, your bones will live on for a long time.

But before we talk about leaving our skeletal remains behind for future generations, we should talk about some basic bones: What are bones made of? What happens when they break up? And how many bones are there in the human body?

Bone is a honeycomb-like network of calcium salts arranged around a network of protein fibers. These protein fibers are called collagen.

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When you patch a hole in a piece of drywall, you usually cover it with a gummy mesh tape, and then cover it with wall compound. The bone is made in the same way. The collagen fibers are rubberized by a kind of shock-absorbing glue. This is then coated and surrounded with calcium phosphate, which hardens everything in place. Bones not only use calcium for strengthening, but also store some of it in storage. When other parts of the body need a calcium boost, the bones release the required amount into the bloodstream.

There are three types of bone tissue: cortical tissue (outer layer), cortical tissue (inner layer) and subchondral tissue (ends of bones).

Cortical bone is covered by a fibrous membrane called periosteum. Think of the periosteum as a utility vest that fits over the bones: it has supports and places for muscles and tendons to attach. The periosteum contains capillaries that are responsible for keeping the bone supplied with blood. Cortical bone makes up 80 percent of bone mass and is dense, strong, and rigid.

Bone tissue is the innermost layer of bone and is much denser than cortical bone. It is made up of trabeculae, needle-like structures that form a network. However, instead of a network of bone structure with periodic gaps, cancellous bone is more like a network of connected spaces in a periodic structure. The network of small chambers is filled with bone marrow or connective tissue. New blood cells are created in these marrow-filled spaces.

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Although annular bone makes up only 20 percent of the body’s bone mass, it plays important roles in body function. It provides structural stability and acts as an intra-osseous shock absorber, but without adding too much to the overall body weight.

Human bones are not solid; instead, they are light and spongy and filled with blood vessels and bone marrow. EreborMountain/Shutterstock

Inside the cavities of the cancellous bone is soft fatty tissue, made up of an irregular network of blood vessels and cells called bone marrow. There are two types of core: red and yellow.

Red marrow contains stem cells, which can develop into different types of non-specialized cells. They are responsible for renewing and replacing damaged or lost cells in the body. There are two types of stem cells in the red marrow:

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The yellow marrow is mostly fat and as we age, it can be found where the red marrow used to be: some of the bones in our arms, legs, fingers and feet, for example. If the body needs more blood cells, the yellow marrow can convert and produce red marrow.

The bone marrow can become sick. Chronic myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs) are blood cancers that cause overproduction of immature marrow cells. Disorders such as aplastic anemia and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) interfere with the marrow’s ability to produce enough blood cells.

Many bone marrow diseases can be treated with stem cell transplants, which introduce stem cells into the patient’s body to replace the diseased cells.

The adult skull usually consists of 22 bones. Ossification of the bones all fuse together except the jaw. Wikimedia/(CC BY-SA 4.0)

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There are 206 bones in the human skeleton, from the smallest bone in the middle ear to the longest bone, the femur.

Babies are usually born with about 270 bones. As we age, some of these bones fuse to form 206 separate bones. This number can vary, however, as an injury can cause some people to lose ribs, vertebrae or fingers.

Bones are divided into two categories: axial and appendicular. There are 80 axial bones that make up the spine, chest and head. They protect delicate organs like your heart and brain.

While the axial bones form the vertical axis of the body, the appendicular bones are the bones that connect to this axis.

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The 206 bones in the human body can be roughly divided into four categories: long, short, flat and irregular.

Before we talk about bone formation, we need to discuss how cartilage turns into bone. When you’re floating on your belly, your developing body is just starting to take shape, and it’s creating cartilage to do so. Cartilage is a tissue that is not as hard as bone, but much more flexible and, in some ways, more functional. Cartilage is pretty good stuff if you’re going to mold a human, enough for fine work, especially a nose or an ear.

A large amount of this fetal cartilage begins to turn into bone, a process called ossification. When ossification occurs, the cartilage begins to calcify; that is, layers of calcium and phosphate salts begin to accumulate in the cartilage cells. These cells, surrounded by minerals, die. This leaves small pockets of differentiation in the soon-to-be bony cartilage, and tiny blood vessels grow into these cavities.

Specialized cells called osteoblasts begin to migrate to the developing bone through these blood vessels. These cells produce a substance made up of collagen fibers, and they also help to collect calcium, which accumulates throughout this substance.

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Eventually, osteoblasts become part of the mix, becoming lower-functioning osteocytes. This network of osteocytes helps form the spongy network of the cancellous bone. Cancellous bone is not soft, but has a spongy appearance. Its spaces help to transfer the stress of external pressures throughout the bone, and these spaces also contain the core. Small canals called canaliculi run through the calcified parts of the bone, allowing nutrients, gases and waste to pass through.

Before becoming osteocytes, osteoblasts form cortical bone. One way to imagine this process is to imagine a bricklayer trapped inside a man-sized brick chamber of his own construction. After the hard shell (cortical bone) is formed, the mason himself fills the chamber. Air passes through the brick and rots the masonry.

In bone, this part of the process is done by osteoclasts, which enter the calcifying cartilage and pull the bone out of the center of the shaft, leaving room for the formation of the marrow. Osteoclasts do this by engulfing and digesting bone matrix using acids and hydrolytic enzymes. So our mason (osteoblast) made a tomb (cortical bone), died inside the tomb (became osteocyte), decayed over time (dissolved by osteoclasts) and left behind his remains that formed a network of mass and space within the brick tomb. . .

Eventually, all the cartilage becomes bone, except for the cartilage at the end of the bone (articular cartilage) and the growth plates that connect the bone shaft to the bone ends on each side. These layers of cartilage help the bone expand and eventually calcify in adulthood.

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So right now in your body, the osteoclasts are hard at work absorbing the old bone cells and helping the osteoblasts build new bone in their place. This cycle is called remodeling. When you’re young, your osteoblasts (builders) outnumber osteoclasts, resulting in bone gain. As you age, osteoblasts can’t keep up with osteoclasts, which still efficiently remove bone cells, leading to loss of bone mass (and a condition called osteoporosis, which we’ll discuss shortly).

Our bones are normally strong and elastic, but they can still break and break in different ways. White Space Illustrations/Shutterstock

Although bone is very strong, it can break with enough force by pushing, pulling, or twisting. Here are some common outages:

Our bones are susceptible to breaks and fractures, but they also have a miraculous way of repairing themselves. VectorMine/Shutterstock

File:human Arm Bones Diagram.svg

When bones break, the body immediately begins the first phase of healing, the reactive phase. Broken blood vessels collect at the site of the fracture and form a clot or hematoma. This clot contains fibroblasts, ie

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