Signs And Symptoms Of Low Red Blood Cell Count – Pernicious anemia is a condition in which the body does not have enough red blood cells due to a lack of vitamin B12. Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a nutrient required for the production of red blood cells. Vitamin B12 is usually found in foods of animal origin, such as fish, meat, poultry, eggs, and other dairy products.

Pernicious anemia is considered a type of megaloblastic anemia, which is characterized by the production of large, atypical, immature red blood cells in the bone marrow. A lack of folic acid, or vitamin B9, is another common cause of megaloblastic anemias.

Signs And Symptoms Of Low Red Blood Cell Count

Pernicious anemia is caused by the body’s inability to absorb vitamin B12 from the small intestine, due to a lack of a protein called intrinsic factor. Intrinsic factor is a protein that can bind to cobalamin and facilitate its absorption in the body. Intrinsic factor is produced directly by the parietal cells in the stomach, and thus the lack of intrinsic factor directly prevents the small intestine from absorbing vitamin B12 from food. As a result, the body is unable to create a sufficient number of healthy red blood cells. Lack of intrinsic factor can be caused by autoimmune destruction of gastric parietal cells, intrinsic factor itself, or both.

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Pernicious anemia is more common in those with a family history of pernicious anemia, as well as those of northern European descent. Other common causes of vitamin B12 deficiency anemia may include chronic gastritis; taking other medications, such as antacids or metformin; follow a strict vegetarian diet; and gastric surgery that removes at least part of the small intestine.

People with other autoimmune diseases, such as Addison’s disease, Graves’ disease, hypoparathyroidism, hypothyroidism, Type 1 diabetes, vitiligo, and celiac disease may also increase their risk of developing pernicious anemia.

Pernicious anemia can also be considered an autoimmune condition. In some people, the body’s immune system directly attacks the protein intrinsic factor, or it can attack the cells responsible for producing intrinsic factor (ie, the parietal cells that circulate in the stomach). Either way, a lack of protein intrinsic factor results in an inability to absorb and use vitamin B12.

Signs and symptoms of pernicious anemia may include pale skin and mucous membranes, weakness, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, glossitis (ie, swollen tongue), and loss of appetite. People who have experienced low vitamin B12 levels for a long time may have signs and symptoms of damage to the nervous system which may include short-term memory loss, confusion, depression, imbalance, irritability, as well as numbness and tingling in the hands and feet. People with severe anemia often present with shortness of breath, dizziness, and tachycardia.

Pernicious Anemia: Definition, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

Pernicious anemia diagnosis is based on medical and family history, physical examination, and various blood tests. A healthcare provider will usually check a complete blood cell count (CBC), which measures the amount of hemoglobin and hematocrit in the blood. Low levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit usually indicate that anemia is present. However, since there are different types of anemia, some blood tests are done to distinguish the exact type of anemia. These blood tests may include reticulocyte (i.e., immature red blood cells) count, peripheral blood smear, folate levels, iron levels, iron-binding capacity, vitamin B12 levels, as well as auto-antibody presence in the blood.

Treatment of pernicious anemia depends on the cause, but usually involves interventions aimed at increasing vitamin B12 levels in the body. Therefore, treatment usually consists of oral or intramuscular vitamin B12 supplementation depending on the severity of pernicious anemia. Some people may need a vitamin B12 supplement, and the advice is to start eating foods high in B12. In some cases, daily, weekly, or monthly intramuscular injections of vitamin B12 may be required.

Pernicious anemia is a condition where there is an insufficient number of healthy red blood cells due to a lack of vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 is a type of nutrient that the body needs to make good red blood cells and is usually found in foods of animal origin (for example, fish and chicken). Pernicious anemia is considered a type of megaloblastic anemia, which is characterized by abnormally large, abnormal, immature red blood cells. Pernicious anemia is caused by the inability of the body to absorb vitamin B12 from the small intestine due to a lack of a protein called intrinsic factor due to autoimmune destruction. Common causes of vitamin B12 deficiency anemia include chronic gastritis; following a strict vegetarian or vegan diet; taking other medications, such as antacids or metformin; as well as gastric surgery that removes or bypasses part of the small intestine. Pernicious anemia can be considered an autoimmune condition. The signs and symptoms of anemia indicate a lack of vitamin B12 and may include lightening of the skin and mucous membranes; weakness; fatigue; nausea; vomiting; and loss of interest. Pernicious anemia is diagnosed based on medical history and subsequent blood tests. The treatment of anemia depends on the underlying cause, but usually includes interventions aimed at increasing the vitamin B12 level in the body (for example, oral or injectable vitamin B12 supplements depending on the severity of the pernicious anemia).

Johns Hopkins Medicine. (2021). Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia. In John Hopkins Medicine: Health. Retrieved October 29, 2021, from https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/vitamin-B12-deficiency-anemia

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Johnson, L. (2021). Vitamin B12 Deficiency – Nutritional Disorders. In Merck Manual: Consumer Version. Retrieved October 29, 2021, from https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/disorders-of-nutrition/vitamins/vitamin-B12-deficiency

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). (2021). Pernicious Anemia. In the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). Retrieved October 29, 2021, from https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/pernicious-anemia

National Library of Medicine (NLM). (2021). Severe anemia. In MedlinePlus: Medical Encyclopedia. Retrieved October 29, 2021, from https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000569.htm

National Association for Rare Disorders. (2021). Anemia, Megaloblastic. In the National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD). Retrieved October 29, 2021, from https://raredidiseases.org/rare-diseases/anemia-megaloblastic/

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National Association for Rare Disorders. (2021). Anemia, Terrible. In the National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD). Retrieved October 29, 2021, from https://raredidiseases.org/rare-diseases/anemia-pernicious/#:~:text=Pernicious%20anemia%20is%20a%20rare, vitamin%20B12%20cannot%20be%20absorbed.

National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. (2021). Vitamin B12. In the National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. Retrieved November 22, 2021, from https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB12-HealthProfessional/.

Rodriguez, N. M., Shackelford, K. (2021). Pernicious Anemia. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing LLC. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK540989/Polycythemia is a blood disorder in which there is an increase in the number of red blood cells (RBCs) in the body. Red blood cells are responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body by traveling through the blood system. Red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow, where hematopoietic stem cells are stimulated by erythropoietin, a hormone produced by the kidneys. Polycythemia can be caused by increased production of erythropoietin or excessive division of hematopoietic stem cells, thereby increasing RBC production. As a result, the blood becomes thicker which can cause congestion in the peripheral organs. In particular, the spleen, which is responsible for destroying RBCs, can be enlarged.

Polycythemia is a general term for all conditions that cause an excess of red blood cells, while polycythemia vera is only used to describe primary polycythemia. Primary polycythemia is a rare blood disorder in which the polycythemia is not the result of another condition (secondary polycythemia).

Pernicious Anemia: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, And Treatment

The gene codes for non-receptor tyrosine kinase, the enzyme that transfers a phosphate group from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to another molecule to help control cell division. If there is a

Mutation, this process can become uncontrolled. As a result, hematopoietic stem cell division and differentiation are not controlled. They can then differentiate into many types of blood cells, especially RBCs, white blood cells, and platelets.

On the other hand, secondary polycythemia results as a result of another underlying condition. Secondary polycythemia is often associated with low oxygen levels from tissue hypoxia, which can stimulate the kidneys to increase erythropoietin production. Common causes of this hypoxia include high altitude, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cyanotic heart disease. In addition, conditions that directly affect the kidneys (for example, renal artery stenosis, renal cysts, and renal tumors) can cause an increase in the production of erythropoietin. Some side effects of other drugs related to hormones, such as erythropoietin analogues, anabolic steroids, and testosterone, can cause polycythemia. Rarely, tumors, such as hepatocellular carcinoma, can secrete erythropoietin, thereby causing polycythemia.

Risk factors for all types of polycythemia include obesity, smoking, alcoholism, diabetes, high cholesterol, and hypertension. High risk factors for early polycythemia include being male at birth or being over the age of 50.

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Early symptoms of polycythemia include fatigue, headache, dizziness, and episodic blurred vision. People may also experience peripheral tingling, or feel hot and itchy, after a hot shower or bath. Other signs and symptoms may include hypertension, mucosal cyanosis, bruising, and petechiae (ie, look for spots on the skin that are red and flat). On palpation of the abdomen, an enlarged spleen or liver can be felt.

Polycythemia can also cause problems related to organ coagulation and increased blood viscosity, or viscosity. People are at high risk of blood clots, which can lead to deep vein thrombosis, stroke, myocardial.

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