Main Function Of Vascular Tissue In Plants – Before fertilization, plant cells have a gradient of a plant hormone called auxin, where one of the cells has a high concentration of auxin, and the other part of the cell has a low concentration. Auxin behaves like a

, Establishing the apical/basal position (like front/forearm in animals) in the first cell division. After the egg is fertilized by the sperm, the plant zygote divides incompletely by dividing auxin as follows:

Main Function Of Vascular Tissue In Plants

Through several rounds of cell division followed by differentiation, the apical cell finally gives rise to the parts cotyledons, hypocotyl, and radicle:

Main Function Of Leaves

S, seed coats; r, radicle; h, hypocotyl; c, cotyledon; e, epicotyl. Image credit: Image from page 233 of “Theories of Modern Biology” (1964)

Like animals, plants are multicellular eukaryotes whose bodies contain organs, tissues, and cells with highly specialized functions. Tissues are groups of similar cells that work together on a specific task. Organs that have two or more tissues organized to perform a specific task, and groups of tissues that have related functions make different organ systems. Seed plants (angiosperms and gymnosperms) have two organ systems:

The shoot system of a plant consists of leaves, stems, flowers, and fruits. The root system anchors the plant while taking up water and minerals from the soil. Image credit: OpenStax Biology.

Seed plants have three parts: roots, seeds, and leaves, and three types of tissues: ground tissue, vascular tissue, and skin.

Zylem And Phloem

Each tissue is made up of different cell types, and the regulation of each cell type affects the function of the body. We will go through each of the organs, tissues, and cell types in great detail below.

(a) Tap root systems have a main root that grows down, while (b) fibrous root systems have many small roots. (Image credit: OpenStax Biology, work modified by Austen Squarepants/Flickr)

Although they are usually underground, roots can vary greatly in structure based on evolutionary adaptations for specific reasons:

Stems are part of the shoot system of a plant. They are usually above ground, and their main functions are to:

Plant Cells And Tissues

Leaves are attached to the plant stem in areas called nodes. An internode is the stem region between two nodes. The petiole is the stem that connects the leaf to the stem. The leaves above the nodes arise from axillary buds. By Kelvinsong – Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27509689

Fruits can vary in length and diameter, depending on the type of plant. The stems are usually above ground, although the stems of some plants, such as potatoes, also grow underground. Variations on stem parts include:

Leaves are the primary site for photosynthesis, the process that plants use to produce food. The leaves of many plants are usually green, due to the abundance of green chlorophyll in the leaf cells. However, some leaves can have different colors caused by other plant pigments that can mask the green chlorophyll.

Illustration shows the parts of a leaf. The petiole is the stem of the leaf. The midrib is the organ that extends from the petiole to the tip of the leaf. Branch veins from the center. The lamina is the broad, flat part of the leaf. Dream is the edge of the leaf. Image credit: OpenStax Biology

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Plant tissues fall into two general categories: meristematic, and permanent (or non-meristematic) tissue. Meristematic tissue is functionally equivalent to stem cells in animals: undifferentiated cells that continue to divide and generate new cells and tissues. (A key difference between animal stem cells and plant meristems is that animal stem cells are involved

On plant life). In contrast, stem cells are plant cells that no longer actively divide.

Meristems produce cells that quickly differentiate, or specialize, and become permanent tissue cells; they differentiate into three main types: dermal, vascular, and ground tissue. Each plant part (roots, fruits, leaves) has all three body types:

Each plant species has all three body types. Koning, Ross E. 1994. Plant Basics. Plant Physiology Information website. http://plantphys.info/plant_physiology/plantbasics1.shtml. (6-21-2017). Reprinted with permission.

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Before we get into the great details of cell types within plants, this video provides an overview of plant organ structure and muscle function:

Now that we have discussed plant organs and plant tissues, we will delve deeper into the types of cells that make up each organ. Each plant has specialized cell types that perform many different functions, which we will discuss in depth below.

Plant cells also have a cell wall, which is normally oflignin (the main component of wood). Secondary cell walls are less flexible and play an important role in supporting the plant’s structure. We will describe each of these different types of cells in turn, and consider how tissues perform similar or different functions in different bodies depending on the presence of specific cell types.

Dermal tissue is the outer layer of tissue that surrounds the entire plant, which covers and protects the plant, and controls gas exchange and water absorption. Skin types may include:

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Observed at 500x with a scanning electron microscope, many stomata are evident on (a) the surface of this sumac (Rhus glabra) leaf. At 5,000x magnification, the guard of (b) a stoma from lyre-leaved sand cress (Arabidopsis lyrata) in the form of lips that surround the opening. In this (c) cross-sectional light micrograph of an A. lyrata leaf, the pair of cell walls is visible with large, sub-stomatal air spaces in the leaves. (credit: OpenStax Biology, work modified by Robert R. Wise; part c barometer data from Matt Russell)

Trichomes give the leaves a fuzzy appearance as in (a) sundew (Drosera sp.). Leaf trichomes include (b) branched trichomes on an Arabidopsis lyrata leaf and (c) multibranched trichomes on a mature Quercus marilandica leaf. (credit: OpenStax Biology, a: John Freeland; credit b, c: modification of work by Robert R. Wise; quantitative data from Matt Russell)

Just like in animals, the nervous system moves things throughout the plant body. But instead of a circulatory system that circulates through a pump (heart), the vascular system in plants does not

Substances in a loop, but rather moving from one end of the plant to another (for example, water from the roots to the shoots). And it’s not like the muscular system of animals, where the muscular system consists of tubes

Plant Leaves: Parts, Functions & Cell Types

Vascular tissue in plants is made up of two specialized conducting tissues: xylem, which conducts water, and phloem, which produces sugars and other organic compounds. The xylem and phloem are always next to each other. In stems, xylem and phloem form a structure called a vascular bundle; in roots, this is called the vascular stele or vascular cylinder. A vascular bundle usually contains both xylem and phloem tissues.

Xylem tissue transports water and nutrients from the roots to different parts of the plant. Xylem is composed of vessels and tracheids, both of which are tubular, elongated cells that produce water:

Phloem tissue, which transports organic compounds from the site of photosynthesis to other parts of the plant, consists of sieve cells and companion cells:

This light micrograph shows a cross section of a pumpkin (Curcurbita maxima) stem. Each teardrop-shaped vascular bundle has large xylem cells on the inside and small phloem cells on the outside. Xylem cells, which transport water and nutrients from the roots to the rest of the plant, are functionally dead. Phloem cells, which transport sugars and other organic compounds from the photosynthetic body to the rest of the plant, live. The vascular bundles are secured in the basement membrane and surrounded by the dermal membrane. (credit: OpenStax Biology, work modified by “(biophotos)”/Flickr; database from Matt Russell)

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Tissue is all the other material in a plant that is not skin or muscle tissue. Ground tissue cells include parenchyma, which performs photosynthesis in leaves and stores sugar in roots; collenchyma, which supports stems and leaves in areas of active growth; and schlerenchyma, which supports the stem and leaves in areas where growth has stopped:

Cross section of a leaf showing phloem, xylem, sclerenchyma and collenchyma, and mesophyll. By Kelvinsong – Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=25593329

Each plant organ has all three body types, with different systems in each organ. There are also differences in how these organs are arranged between monocots and dicots, as described below:

In (a) dicot fruits, vascular bundles are arranged around the periphery of the ground tissue. The xylem is connected to the interior of the vascular system, and the phloem is to the outside. Sclerenchyma fibers cover the vascular bundles. In the middle of the stem is the ground tissue. In (b) monocot stems, vascular bundles with xylem and phloem tissues are scattered throughout the ground. The bundles are smaller than those of the dicot tree, and the distinct layers of xylem, phloem and sclerenchyma cannot be discerned. Image credit: OpenStax Biology

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In (left) typical dicots, the vascular tissue forms an X shape in the center of the root. In (right) typical monocots, phloem cells and larger xylem cells form a characteristic ring around the central pith.

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