Main Function Of The Peripheral Nervous System – The nervous system is organized into the central and peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord, leaving the rest in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

The peripheral nervous system is divided into two systems: the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. Each system has 2 parts:

Main Function Of The Peripheral Nervous System

The somatic nervous system of the PNS is responsible for voluntary, conscious control of skeletal muscles (effector organ). Its isolated arm connects sensory receptors on the surface of the body or deep within them with the appropriate control circuits, while the uncontrollable arm controls skeletal muscles directly using motor nerves.

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The autonomic (visceral) nervous system controls the visceral functions of the body and acts largely unconsciously. These visceral functions include controlling heart rate, digestion, salivation, urination, digestion, and many more. The sensory arm of this system includes receptors that monitor blood pressure, levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood or the chemical composition of the contents of the gastrointestinal tract. The entire arm of this system can be further divided into parasympathetic (PSNS) and sympathetic (SNS) parts, which control many smooth muscles and glands.

The enteric nervous system is described as a separate part of the autonomic nervous system and is sometimes even considered a third independent branch of the PNS.

The SNS and PSNS are small parts of the autonomic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system has a unique structure as it uses a series of two-neurone efferent pathways. So, the preganglionic neurone must first go to and interact with the ganglion, a collection of cells in the PNS. The gangrion then supplies a postganglionic neurone that innervates the target organ.

The SNS is responsible for the fight or flight response of the body and originates from the thoracolumbar parts of the spine. It consists of short preganglionic neurones and long postganglionic neurones.

Central Nervous System

The preganglionic neurones use acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter while the postganglionic neurones use noradrenaline. An exception to this rule is the secretion of sweat by the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla, which are cholinergic as they use acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter.

Another exception is the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. They act as modified sympathetic ganglion without postganglionic neurones. Thus, activation of chromaffin cells by preganglionic cells leads to the release of two brain chemicals: adrenaline and to a lesser extent noradrenaline, directly into the blood.

Actions mediated by SNS are most evident when the body is exposed to stressful situations. It is designed to accumulate energy stores, allowing us to withstand stress and increase our chances of survival.

The PSNS is responsible for the rest and digestion of bodily functions. It originates from the craniosacral segment of the spinal cord. This system consists of long preganglionic neurones and short postganglionic neurones. Both preganglionic and postganglionic neurones use the neurotransmitter acetylcholine

The Peripheral Nervous System

The sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways have very similar characteristics but have a few major differences. The table below shows a comparison of these two systems.

This division of the PNS is located within the lining of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract so it can directly regulate the functions of the GI tract. It has two plexuses:

The PSNS also stimulates the enteric nervous system to increase activity. Similarly, the SNS can block the enteric function. Therefore, defecation is not possible during fight or flight mode.

The nervous system is organized into the central and peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord, leaving everything else in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

Functions Of The Nervous System (video)

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Overview Of Neuron Structure And Function (article)

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Peripheral Nervous System (pns): Parts And Function

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Top 10 Signs Of A Dysregulated Nervous System

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The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is one of the two parts that make up the nervous system of both animals, and the other part is the central nervous system (CNS). The PNS consists of nerves and ganglia, which lie outside the brain and spinal cord.

The main function of the PNS is to connect the CNS to the limbs and organs, mainly acting as a relay between the brain and spinal cord and the rest of the body.

Somatic Nervous System

Unlike the CNS, the PNS is not protected by the vertebral column and skull, or by the blood-brain barrier, which leaves it vulnerable to toxins.

The peripheral nervous system can be divided into the somatic nervous system and the visceral nervous system. Each of these has a ssory and motor division. The visceral motor division is known as the autonomic nervous system.

In the somatic nervous system, the cranial nerves are part of the PNS except for the optic nerve (cranial nerve II), as well as the retina. The second cranial nerve is not a true peripheral nerve but a tract of the dicephalon.

The connection between the CNS and the organs allows the system to be in two different functional states: sympathetic and parasympathetic.

What Structures Are Part Of The Peripheral Nervous System?

The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system, and the autonomic nervous system. The somatic nervous system is under voluntary control, and sends signals from the brain to d organs such as muscles. The ssory nervous system is part of the somatic nervous system and sends signals from sses such as taste and touch (including fine touch and depth touch) to the spine and brain. The autonomic nervous system is a ‘self-regulating’ system that influences the functioning of organs outside of voluntary control, such as heart rate, or the functioning of the digestive system.

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The somatic nervous system includes the ssory nervous system and the somatossory system and consists of ssory nerves and somatic nerves, and many nerves that handle all functions.

In the head and neck, cranial nerves carry somatosensory data. There are twelve cranial nerves, t of which originate in the brain, and mainly control the functioning of the anatomical structures of the head and other organs. Another unique cranial nerve is the vagus nerve, which receives sensory information from organs in the thorax and abdomen. Another unique cranial nerve is the accessory nerve which is responsible for innervating the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles, or which is found only in the head.

Peripheral Nervous System

For the rest of the body, the spinal nerves deal with somatossory information. This comes from the spine. Often this arises as a web (“plexus”) of connected nerve roots

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