Levels Of Estrogen In Birth Control Pills – Most American and European women will use at least one form of hormonal birth control, or birth control, at some point in their lives (1, 2). They may have tried oral contraceptives (OC) (1, 2) and about 2 in 10 American and European women are current OC users (1-3).

Hormonal contraceptive methods are very effective in preventing unintended pregnancy (4). Between 0 and 9 out of every 100 people who rely on these will get pregnant over the course of a year, depending on the type of hormonal contraceptive they use (4). This number is lower in people who use the correct hormonal contraceptive. In comparison, 18 out of 100 people who rely on male condoms will get pregnant within a year (4). The implant, or simply the implant, is the most effective form of hormonal birth control (4) and is usually placed in your arm by your healthcare provider. Less than 1 in 100 users of this method will get pregnant within a year (4).

Levels Of Estrogen In Birth Control Pills

Although hormonal birth control is highly reliable for preventing pregnancy, between half and a third of American women who use hormonal birth control report side effects that cause them to stop using it (1). Between about 2 and 4 in 10 users of hormonal contraceptives from Western Europe report stopping because of side effects or concerns about health effects (2).

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If you choose to use hormonal or non-hormonal birth control, it is important to consider how effective, simple, useful or harmful each method can be for you. Not all types of hormonal birth control work the same, so one may be a better choice for you than another. Non-hormonal methods are another possible way to prevent unintended pregnancy. Both hormonal and non-hormonal forms of birth control have benefits and risks.

Contraceptive methods can be classified as non-hormonal or hormonal. Non-hormonal birth control methods, such as condoms or the copper intrauterine device (IUD), do not change the natural levels or activity of hormones in the body (4).

*This schedule is based on the type of hormonal combination throughout the cycle. In fact, hormone levels will go up and down when taking pills daily, and different pills contain different hormonal levels.

People who use most forms of hormonal birth control do not ovulate. These methods stop the normal production of reproductive hormones and prevent the ovaries from releasing eggs. They do this by stopping or altering normal hormonal cycles. Exceptions include the “pill-less” and levonorgestrel IUD. These methods work in a different way, but still prevent ovulation in some people (5).

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) It also affects the normal levels of estrogen and progesterone, either by increasing the number of these genes or interfering with the proteins that interact with these genes (4, 6, 7). Emergency contraception works primarily by blocking ovulation – it does not end pregnancy after it occurs (8). It is not recommended to be used as a primary method of contraception (4), but it is recommended in situations where the contraceptive method has failed, the contraceptive has been used incorrectly or is not used at all. and birth control pills are not for pregnancy prevention. Using emergency contraception as needed is safe and effective in preventing pregnancy if taken within 3-5 days, although it should be taken sooner (9).

Bleeding periods vary when using most types of hormonal contraceptives, including COCs. The period changes from the shedding of the uterine lining, to period-like bleeding, which is called

. Withdrawal bleeding occurs during the week when the cells do not contain hormones, or when the patch or vaginal ring is removed. Because the bleeding is usually lighter than normal menstrual blood, hormonal birth control pills can reduce menstrual flow (10). People who experience heavy bleeding, prolonged bleeding, anemia related to menstruation or iron deficiency may benefit from hormonal contraceptives (10). These can also reduce painful periods, including those caused by endometriosis (10).

People may also choose to use hormonal birth control to change their menstrual cycle. The menstrual cycle is one of the main reasons people are prescribed hormonal birth control for reasons other than birth control (11). People can use this form of contraception to make periods more regular, induce periods or cause amenorrhea on purpose (ie no periods) (11). This can be especially useful for people with chronic reproductive problems, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) (12).

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Hormonal contraception can affect the skin. COCs are recommended for the treatment of acne (10, 13), primarily because of the acne-reducing effects of estrogen. Conversely, the development of acne, headaches, or negative changes to the appearance of the skin are also side effects of hormonal birth control (14, 15). These negative effects are often associated with POCs, so switching to COCs or other types of combined hormonal contraceptives can help correct these problems.

Heartburn, headache and chest tenderness are also reported side effects (14, 16), although there is evidence that these side effects are stronger in new users and decrease over time (14, 17). Hormonal birth control pills can also reduce breast tenderness with long-term use (14).

Weight gain and changes in sexual desire (sexuality) are a concern for many people taking hormonal contraceptives (14, 16). However, with the exception of the contraceptive shot, which has been found to increase weight in users (14), most studies show the average user of hormonal contraceptives has little or no change (14). Some people may notice that their libido is higher or lower overall, although many people report no change (18). Hormonal changes in the “normal” cycle also lead to periods of higher and lower libido (the highest sexual desire leads to and around the time of ovulation) – the hormonal inhibition that occurs with most hormonal birth control means these peaks and valleys. he will go, or change (19).

If you experience unpleasant side effects from hormonal birth control, talk to your healthcare provider. They may recommend switching to birth control pills with a different chemical composition.

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A regular menstrual cycle affects the brain. Special proteins on cells respond to specific chemicals for progesterone and estrogen, otherwise known as receptors and are found in many areas of the brain. These include the amygdala, which regulates anxiety and fear, and the hippocampus, which has important functions for memory processing and storage (20).

Progesterone and progestin indirectly reduce the amount of serotonin, an important mood-regulating neurotransmitter, in the brain (21). It is thought that progestin from hormonal contraceptives can cause mood changes in users (21). However, despite the possibility of the theory, it is not easy to prove whether hormonal contraceptives cause mood changes.

The relationship between hormonal contraceptives and depression (21, 22) has been a major area of ​​research. In a recent study of more than one million Danish women aged 15 to 34, researchers found women using hormonal contraceptives were more likely to be prescribed antidepressants or find them more depressed than women who do not use hormonal contraceptives (21). For example, women using contraceptive patches were twice as likely to be prescribed antidepressants compared to women not using hormonal contraceptives, while women using POCs were 1.34 times more likely (21 ). The risk for women using COCs is lower than for POCs, but still higher than for non-users of hormonal contraceptives (21).

Despite this strong evidence, the relationship between depression and hormonal birth control is not clear, and it can vary from person to person. And even in the case of increased risk, the overall risk may be small.

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For people suffering from premenstrual syndrome (PMS), premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) or major depressive disorder (MDD), hormonal contraceptives, especially OCs, can lead to positive changes in their mood ( 10, 22).

People who use OC have no change in risk (and may have a reduced risk) of fibroids, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer and endometrial cancer (10). Conversely, OC use has been linked to breast cancer development (10, 23). People who have used OC for many years may be at risk for breast cancer, while short-term use seems to have no effect on the risk of breast cancer (10, 23). Research on this topic varies. Different OCs may have different effects on breast cancer risk and certain groups of people, such as those with a family history of breast cancer, may be at increased risk compared to those without such a history (10, 23, 24). .

The use of hormonal contraceptives comes with the potential for adverse effects of cardiovascular disease (3, 14, 25-30), although such complications are rare.

The use of hormonal contraceptives is also associated with changes to normal life function. COC use is associated with changes in normal levels of amino acids, fatty acids (lipids), vitamin D, inflammatory markers and insulin in the body (3), in addition to changing normal levels of estrogen and progesterone in your body. Some of these changes, such as inflammatory markers, are associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) or stroke (3). These changes seem to disappear after stopping OC use (3).

State Level Estimates Of Contraceptive Use In The United States, 2017

In contrast, POCs are not associated with the menstrual cycle (3), which suggests that these changes are related to estrogen or that progestin requires estrogen to create changes.

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