Investing In Biomass Energy: Sustainable Heating Solutions For Las Vegas – Analysis of pyrolysis kinetic parameters based on different mathematical models for more than twenty different biomasses: a review

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Investing In Biomass Energy: Sustainable Heating Solutions For Las Vegas

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Global Sustainability Trends For 2023

Received: August 1, 2022 / Viewed: August 27, 2022 / Received: September 3, 2022 / Published: September 7, 2022

This article presents a comprehensive and comprehensive overview of the integration of renewable energy sources (RES) (especially solar, geothermal and hydraulic energies and heat pumps (HP)) and the improvement of water pumping in district heating systems (DHS). -temperature systems, increasing energy efficiency and environmental protection. For this purpose, the main components of DHS and the main RES with application in DHS are briefly described. Finally, several case studies of DHS in Timisoara, Romania are analyzed. Thus, by integrating water source HP (WSHP) systems together with solar thermal and photovoltaic (PV) collectors and reducing the supply temperature from 110 °C to 30 °C at DHS, which provides consumers with water radiators in a district of this region, the city Maintains 58/40 °C temperature regime and domestic hot water (DHW) required by consumers at 52 °C, 75% savings in heating energy, 90% reduction of heat losses in the transmission network and reduction of CO

77% emission was achieved. The installed PV panels generate 1160 MWh of electricity, which is used to balance the electricity consumption of the HP systems. In addition, the installation of pumps as turbines (PAT) for the recovery of excess hydraulic energy in the entire heating network resulted in an electricity generation of 378 MW, and a variable frequency drive (VFD) method of speed control for the heating station pump led to an electricity generation of about 38 MW. % more energy saving than control valve technique.

Central heating; distribution network; low temperature; solar energy; geothermal energy; heat pump; micro-hydro turbine; variable speed pump; energy saving; CO2 emissions

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Regardless of its form, energy is an indispensable resource that ensures a good quality of life in modern civilization. Europe’s culture and traditions are inextricably linked with its buildings, which play an important role in the continent’s energy strategy. In the European Union (EU), about 40% of energy demand is used by buildings, followed by industry and transport, which each receive about 30% of total energy demand [1]. Currently, the needs for heating buildings (space and water heating) account for more than 80% of the residential energy demand, although the energy demand for cooling is increasing year by year. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, increasing energy consumption, and increasing dependence on imports are significant energy challenges that every country must address. Carbon dioxide (CO

) is one of the most important GHGs, and fossil fuel combustion is the dominant source of CO

Europe’s construction sector uses approximately 46% of energy for heating and cooling [2] and generates significant GHG emissions from burning fossil fuels to meet this energy demand. By 2030, the EU intends to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 55% and increase the use of renewable energy sources (RES) to 40% [3]. According to Directive 2010/31/EU [4], all new buildings must be nearly zero-energy buildings (NZEB) by 2020. This directive defines NZEB as highly efficient buildings with very low energy use, which RES primarily mandates.

According to research, energy conservation is the most efficient way to minimize GHG emissions. This includes recovery technologies, RES integration, and energy-efficient heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) equipment. The main objectives of district heating systems (DHIs) are to provide low-cost indoor comfort and to minimize GHG emissions, both of which can be achieved with modern equipment and control methods. The main advantage of DHSs is that they can be inexpensively incorporated into existing heating installations using a combination of RES and conventional fuels.

Renewable Energy Options For Buildings

Table 1 [5] presents the growth of DH infrastructure in several EU countries [6, 7]. A district heating system (DH) helps to centralize heat production and possibly electricity and distribute this energy to the user network [8]. DHS distributes heat from the central heating plant to consumers for space and/or process heating and domestic hot water (DHW) production. Heat is transferred through hot water or steam pipes. Thus, the heat is taken from the hot liquid and is not generated locally in each object [9]. Given the current challenges, it is vital to establish DHSs to manage the energy transition (e.g. RES integration). Furthermore, safety and flexibility in the choice of heat source (solar and geothermal energy or biomass instead of fossil fuels) are important features of DHSs [10].

The EU predicts that DH networks will meet 50% of its heating needs in 2050 [11]. The DH network is a key component of all DHSs, and its investment cost can be equal to or more than 50% of the total capital cost of the DHS [12, 13]. By optimizing the design and operation of the DH network, it is possible to reduce its cost and energy consumption [5].

Lund et al. [14] established four generations of DH, Buffa et al. [15] extended the concept by proposing a fifth generation DH and cooling (DHC). Traditional DHSs have heating plants (HS) that pump hot water or steam through pipes to heat metros. High temperature DH systems continue to incur significant heat losses and expensive installation costs. Due to the high water retention time in the network, heat losses can reach about 30% of the supplied energy, especially in the summer months when most of the hot water systems work to meet the hot water demand. Current research focuses on fourth-generation DH (4GDH) and fifth-generation DHC (5GDHC) networks that operate at low temperatures and achieve great efficiency.

The trend is to use 4GDH networks [14] to integrate a more significant part of RES and low-grade waste heat into the system. Other goals include reducing heat losses in networks and increasing the efficiency of production of equipment (heat pumps (HP), solar collectors, combined heat and power (CHP) and condensing boilers). In 4GDH systems, the same pipes cannot provide heating and cooling services to many buildings simultaneously, unlike in 5GDHC systems.

Investing In The Energy Transition

Another advantage of the transition to low temperatures in the DH network is the use of polymer pipes instead of steel pipes, thus simplifying the installation and reducing the cost. Typically, the design describes two or three lines insulated with polyurethane foam and placed in the same housing. In order to improve the design of pipes for low-temperature central heating (LTDH), the heat losses of double (same and different diameter) and triple pipes have been modeled [16].

This article offers a comprehensive review of the operational optimization of DHSs to promote energy efficiency and environmental protection, focusing on the integration of LTDH networks and RES. Therefore, the main components of DHS (heat sources, distribution network and end-users) and the main RES (e.g. solar, geothermal, hydropower and HP) with their applications in DHS are briefly described. In addition, a case study on the integration of RES in the form of a solar-supported HP system (HP, solar thermal (ST) and photovoltaic (PV) panels) into a 3GDH system for the city of Timisoara, Romania, is included. This heating system was converted into a low-temperature 4GDH system with radiators serving as heating terminals for consumers. Another case study investigates the installation of micro-hydro-turbines in DHSs to convert excess hydraulic energy (pressure) into electricity. Finally, a comparative energy analysis was conducted on hot water flow rate regulation using throttle valve control and variable speed drive in a DH station built in Timisoara, and the performance of these control methods was evaluated. Engineers working on the application and theory of DHSs can benefit from this

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