Impact Of Climate Change On Human Health Pdf – Climate change is a significant threat to the health of the American people. This scientific assessment examines how climate change is already affecting human health and the changes that may occur in the future.

, now and in the future. These effects can occur at a local, regional or national level. The examples in the first column are those described in each underlying chapter

Impact Of Climate Change On Human Health Pdf

Path diagram (see Instructions for the report). The three middle columns move from left to right along one line of health impacts and show how climate factors affect an individual’s or community’s exposure to a health threat and the resulting change in health outcome. The total climate impact is summarized in the last gray column. For a more comprehensive look at how climate change affects health, and to see the environmental, institutional, social, and behavioral factors that play an interactive role in determining health outcomes, see the exposure pathway diagrams in Chapters 2-8.

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Climate change is a significant threat to the health of the American people. The effects of man-made climate change are increasing nationally. Rising greenhouse gas concentrations result in increases in temperature, changes in precipitation, increases in the frequency and intensity of some extreme weather events, and rising sea levels. These climate change impacts endanger our health by affecting our food and water sources, the air we breathe, the weather we experience, and our interactions with the built and natural environments. As the climate continues to change, the risks to human health continue to grow.

Current and future climate impacts expose more people in more places to threats to public health. Already in the United States, we have observed climate-related increases in our exposure to elevated temperatures; more frequent, more severe or longer lasting

; degraded air quality; diseases transmitted through food, water and disease vectors (such as ticks and mosquitoes); and emphasizes our mental health and well-being. Almost all of these threats are expected to worsen with continued climate change. Some of these health threats will occur over longer periods of time or at unprecedented times of the year; some people will be exposed to threats not previously experienced in their locales. Overall, cases of potentially beneficial health effects of climate change are limited in number and relate to specific regions or populations. For example, the reduction in cold-related deaths is expected to be less than the increase in heat-related deaths in most regions.

All Americans are vulnerable to the health impacts associated with climate change. Increased exposure to multiple health threats along with changes in

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Factors. Through the combined influence of these factors, climate change exacerbates some existing health threats and creates new public health challenges. While all Americans are at risk, some populations are disproportionately vulnerable, including those with low incomes, some communities of color, immigrant groups (including those with limited English proficiency), indigenous peoples, children and pregnant women, older adults, vulnerable occupational groups, people with disabilities, and people with pre-existing or

In recent years, scientific understanding of how climate change increases risks to human health has advanced significantly. Yet the ability to evaluate, monitor and project health effects varies across climate impacts. For example, information on health outcomes differs in terms of whether there are complete, long-term data sets that allow quantification of observed changes, and whether existing models can project effects at the time scales and geographic scales of interest. There are also differences in the metrics available to observe or project different health impacts. For some health effects, the available metrics only describe changes in the risk of exposure, while for others, metrics describe changes in actual health outcomes (such as the number of new cases of a disease or an increase in deaths).

This assessment strengthens and expands our understanding of climate-related health impacts by providing a more definitive description of climate-related health burdens in the United States. It is based on the national climate assessment from 2014

And reviews and synthesizes key contributions to the published literature. Recognizing the growing demand for data that can be used to characterize how climate change affects health, this report assesses recent analyzes that quantify observed and projected health impacts. Each chapter characterizes the strength of the scientific evidence for a given climate-health exposure pathway or “link” in the causal chain between a climate change impact and its associated health outcome. The findings of this assessment represent an improvement in scientific confidence in the link between climate change and a wide range of threats to public health, while recognizing

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And identify new problems. These considerations provide the context for understanding Americans’ changing health risks and allow us to identify, project, and respond to future health threats from climate change. The overall findings underscore the importance of the growing risk climate change poses to human health in the United States.

. Here, the middle panels show some selected examples of the kinds of changes in climate drivers, exposures, and health outcomes explored in this report. Exposure pathways exist in conjunction with other factors that positively or negatively influence health outcomes (gray side boxes). Some of the key factors that influence

And behavioral choices. Some key factors influencing vulnerability at larger scales, such as natural and built environments, governance and management, and institutions, are shown in the left box. All these influencing factors can affect the vulnerability of an individual or a community through changes in exposure,

The influence of weather and climate on human health is significant and varied. Exposure to health hazards related to climate change affects different people and different communities to different degrees. Although often assessed individually, exposure to multiple climate changes can occur simultaneously, resulting in compound or cascading health impacts (see Figure ES2).

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With climate change, the frequency, severity, duration and location of weather and climate phenomena – such as rising temperatures, heavy rains and droughts and some other forms of severe weather – are changing. This means that areas already experiencing health-threatening weather and climate phenomena, such as severe heat or hurricanes, are likely to experience exacerbated impacts, such as higher temperatures and increased storm intensity, precipitation rates and

. It also means that some places will experience new climate-related health threats. For example, areas previously unaffected by toxic algal blooms or waterborne diseases due to cooler water temperatures may face these dangers in the future as rising water temperatures allow the organisms that cause these health risks to thrive. Even areas that currently experience these health threats may see a shift in the timing of the seasons that pose the greatest risk to human health.

Climate change can therefore affect human health in two main ways: first, by changing the severity or frequency of health problems that are already affected by climate or weather factors; and second, by creating unprecedented or unexpected health problems or health threats in places where they have not previously occurred.

This figure shows the expected increase in deaths due to warming in the summer months (warm season, April–September), the expected decrease in deaths due to warming in the winter months (cold season, October–March), and the expected net change in deaths compared to a 1990

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Lead to an increase in both average and extreme temperatures. This is expected to lead to an increase in death and illness from heat and a potential decrease in death from cold (see Figure ES3), particularly for a number of communities that are particularly vulnerable to these changes, such as children, the elderly and economically disadvantaged groups. Days that are warmer than the average seasonal temperature in summer or colder than the average seasonal temperature in winter cause increased levels of disease and death by compromising the body’s ability to regulate its temperature or by inducing direct or indirect health complications. Loss of internal temperature control can result in a cascade of illnesses including heat cramps, heat exhaustion,

For warming, each year an increase of thousands to tens of thousands of premature heat-related deaths in summer [Very likely, high confidence] and a decrease in premature cold-related deaths in winter [Very likely, medium confidence] are expected as a result of

At the end of the century. Future adaptation will most likely reduce these impacts (see Changing tolerance for extreme heat detection). The reduction in cold-related deaths is expected to be less than the increase in heat-related deaths in most regions [Likely, medium confidence].

Days that are warmer than normal in summer or colder than normal in winter are both associated with increased disease and death [Very High Confidence].

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Effects are observed even for small differences from seasonal mean temperatures [High Confidence]. Because small temperature differences occur much more frequently than large temperature differences, not taking into account the effect of these small differences will lead to an underestimation of the future effect of

An increase in population tolerance to extreme heat has been observed over time [Very high confidence]. Changes in this tolerance have been associated with increased use of air conditioning, improved social and/or physiological responses

Among other factors [Medium Confidence]. Expected future increases in this tolerance will reduce the expected increase in deaths from heat [Very likely, very high confidence].

To die or become ill due to extreme heat [Very High Confidence]. People who work outdoors, the socially isolated and economically disadvantaged, they

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