Describe The General Structure And Function Of The Plasma Membrane – Prokaryotic cells fall in the size range of 1-5µm and thus can be clearly observed with microscopes. However, some prokaryotic cells may be larger than this.

A prokaryotic cell has external and internal structures. Capsule, flagella, axial filaments, fimbriae, and pili are present outside the cellwall, while the interior of the bacterial cell contains cytoplasm.

Describe The General Structure And Function Of The Plasma Membrane

Flagella – Flagella are flagella like structures made of protein and provide motility to the cell. Prokaryotic cells can be

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Fimbriae and pili – Fimbriae are proteinaceous, sticky, adhesive structures used by cells to attach to each other and to the material around them, while pili are tubules used to transfer DNA from one cell to another.

Capsule Depending on the type of bacteria, there may be an outer layer around it, such as a capsule or a slime layer, made of glyocalyx.

Cellwall – The prokaryotic cell cell wall is present outside the plasma membrane. It provides rigidity to the cell’s shape and form and protects the cell from its environment. Bacterial cell wall is mainly composed of peptidoglycan and on the basis of cell wall composition bacteria are classified into gram-positive and gram negative organisms.

Cytoplasmic Membrane- The cytoplasmic membrane is an organ that provides a protective barrier between the environment and the cell’s internal structures.

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Cytoplasm is large.aqueous, semitransparent, and elasticsmifluid present inside a prokaryotic cell. It is about 80% water and contains mainly proteins (enzymes), carbohydrates, lipids, inorganic ions, and many low-molecular-weight compounds. Inorganic ions are present in higher concentrations in the cytoplasm than in most media.

Nucleoid/Genetic material – The cytoplasm also contains a region called the nucleoid, which is where the DNA of the cell is located. A prokaryotic cell has a chromosome that is not inside a nuclear membrane or envelope. The nucleoid or bacterial chromosome is composed of a closed circle of double-stranded DNA, several times the length of the cell and is extensively folded and folded.

Ribosomes – Ribosomes are the most important structure in a prokaryotic cell after the nucleoid. They are composed of complex proteins and RNA, and are the site of protein synthesis in the cell. Prokaryotic ribosomes are 70S, composed of subunits 50S and 30S (S stands for the sydberg coefficient which is a function of its size and composition, and is determined by the rate of dissolution in the centrifuge)

Inclusion bodies – Many granular structures known as inclusion bodies are found in the cytoplasm of some bacteria. These contain organic compounds such as starch, glycogen or lipid and act as food stores. Some sulfur and polyphosphate containing bodies are also found and are known as volutin or metachromatic granules.

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Endospore – A group of gram-positive bacteria that can form a special resistant, dormant structure called an endospore. Endospores grow inside the plant’s bacterial cells and are highly resistant to environmental stresses such as heat, ultraviolet radiation, gamma radiation, chemical disinfectants, and desiccation.

Prokaryotic cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells. The main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are explained below:

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Neurons, also known as nerve cells, send and receive signals from your brain. While neurons have many similarities to other types of cells, they are structurally and functionally different.

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Special projections called axons allow neurons to send electrical and chemical signals to other cells. Neurons can also receive these signals through the roots of extensions known as dendrites.

. The creation of new nerve cells is called neurogenesis. Although this process is not fully understood, we know that it works best when you are pregnant. No matter,

As researchers gain insight into both neurogenesis and neurogenesis, many are also working to uncover links to degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.

Neurons vary in size, shape, and structure depending on their function and location. However, almost all neurons have three main parts: the cell body, the axon, and the dendrites.

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Also known as the soma, the cell body is the central part of the neuron. The cell body contains genetic information, maintains the structure of the neuron, and provides energy to drive activity.

Like other cells, the neuron’s soma contains a nucleus and specialized organelles. It is enclosed by a membrane that protects it and allows it to interact with its surroundings.

Axon is a long, tail-like structure. It joins the cell body at a unique junction called the axon hillock. Most axons are insulated with a substance called myelin. Myelin helps axons conduct electrical signals.

Dendrites are fibrous roots that emerge from the cell body. Like antennae, dendrites receive and process signals from the axons of other neurons. Neurons can have more than one set of dendrites, known as dendritic trees.

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How many they have usually depends on their job. For example, Purkinje cells are a special type of neuron found in a part of the brain called the cerebellum. These cells have highly developed dendritic trees that allow them to receive thousands of signals.

Neurons differ in structure, function, and genetic makeup. Considering the number of neurons, there are thousands of different species, just like there are thousands of species of organisms on Earth.

Sensory neurons are activated by physical and chemical inputs from your environment. Sound, touch, heat, and light are physical things. Smell and taste are chemical properties.

For example, stepping on hot sand damages the nerves under your feet. Those neurons send messages to your brain, which makes you aware of heat.

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Motor neurons play a role in movement, including voluntary and involuntary movement. These neurons allow the brain and spinal cord to communicate with muscles, organs, and glands throughout the body.

There are two types of motor neurons: lower and upper. Lower motor neurons carry signals from the spinal cord to smooth muscle and skeletal muscle. Upper motor neurons carry signals between your brain and spinal cord.

When you eat, for example, nerves in your spine send signals to smooth muscles in the esophagus, stomach, and intestines. These muscles contract, which allows food to move through your stomach.

Interneurons are neural intermediaries found in your brain and spinal cord. They are the most common type of maroon. They transmit signals from sensory neurons and other interneurons to motor neurons and other interneurons. Often, they create complex circuits that help you react to external stimuli.

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For example, when you touch something sharp like a cactus, sensory neurons in your fingers send a signal to interneurons in your spine. Some interneurons pass the signal to motor neurons in your hand, which allows you to move your hand away. Some interneurons send a signal to the pain center in your brain, and you feel pain.

Neurons send signals using action potentials. An action potential is a change in the electrical potential of a neuron caused by the flow of charged particles in and out of the neuron’s membrane. Once an action potential is generated, it is transported along the axon to the presynaptic terminal.

Events can trigger both chemical and electrical synapses. Synapses are places where neurons can pass these electrical and chemical messages between them. Synapses are composed of presynaptic endings, synaptic clefts, and postsynaptic endings.

In a chemical synapse, the neuron releases chemical messengers called neurotransmitters. These molecules cross the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors in the postsynaptic end of the dendrite.

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Neurotransmitters can trigger a response in a postsynaptic neuron, causing it to generate its own activity. Alternatively, they can prevent action in the postsynaptic neuron. In that case, the postsynaptic neuron does not generate an action potential.

Electrical synapses can only be exciting. These synapses form when two neurons are connected by a gap junction. This gap is much smaller than a chemical synapse and is made up of ion channels that help send a positive electrical signal.

Because of how these signals travel, signals travel much faster at electrical synapses than chemical synapses. However, these signals can decrease from one neuron to the next. This makes them less efficient at transmitting repetitive signals.

While research has advanced our understanding of neurons over the past century, there is still much we do not understand.

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For example, until recently, researchers believed that neuron creation occurred in adults in an area of ​​the brain called the hippocampus. The hippocampus is involved in memory and learning.

Reported that

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