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Cogeneration In Boston’s Educational Institutions: Maximizing Energy Efficiency

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Is there a future for micro-generation in Europe? an economic and policy analysis engine; Micro Gas Turbine and Micro Humid Air Turbine Cycles

By Marina Montero Carrero Marina Montero Carrero Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar 1, 2, 3, * , Irene Rodríguez Sánchez Irene Rodríguez Sánchez Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar 2; Ward De Paepe Ward De Paepe .org and Google Scilit Preprints Parente Alessandro Parente Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar 2; 3 and Francesco Contino Francesco Contino Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar 1; 3

How Microgrids Save Schools Money

Burn and Improve Fitness (BURN); Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) and Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB); 1050 Brussels, Belgium

Received: 19 December 2018 / Revised: 18 January 2019 / Accepted: 19 January 2019 / Published: 28 January 2019

If applied more widely, Small-scale cogeneration can increase energy efficiency in Europe. Of the two major commercially available technologies — Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) and Micro Gas Turbine (mGT) — ICE dominates the market due to its higher electrical efficiency. However, By converting the mGT into a micro Humid Air Turbine (mHAT); This increases the cycle’s electrical efficiency and increases its operational flexibility. This document is Spanish; ICE for residences based in France and Belgium; An in-depth policy and economic assessment of mGT and mHAT technologies is presented. hourly needs of average households; Market conditions and subsidies applicable in each region are taken into account. The objective is twofold: to evaluate the profitability of technologies and to evaluate integrated production policies. The results show that only the ICE in Brussels is economically viable, although all units (except the mHAT in Spain) offer positive energy savings everywhere. Of the three different green ticket programs offered in Belgium; Brussels is heading for the best results. Although automatic consumption is not valued, Spain awards both capital and operational aid. The same goes for complex French food-tariffs. In the affirmative, with current policies; Investment in micro-cooperation is generally unattractive and its potential efficiency gains are still being revealed.

Cogeneration—also known as combined heat and power (CHP)—allows for the simultaneous production of electricity and heat and can save substantial amounts of energy compared to traditional power generation [1]. Today, Cogeneration Units are most commonly found in large commercial or industrial facilities. However, Wider deployment of small (up to 50 kW) and small (1 MW) CHP can increase energy efficiency in small applications [2]. There are two main technologies currently commercially available for small-scale cogeneration: the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) and the Micro Gas Turbine (mGT). The ICE still largely dominates the market due to its higher electrical efficiency (∼35% power output for a 100 kW unit).

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As opposed to ∼30% for the same capacity) [3]. Nevertheless, mGTs offer some advantages compared to ICEs: the lack of reciprocating and frictional components means fewer balancing problems and much less lubrication required. Thus, maintenance and engineering costs are small, as are noise and vibration levels. In addition, mGTs have multi-fuel capabilities with reduced emissions and cleaner exhausts. Finally, The recoverable heat is advanced and concentrated in the exhaust gas, and in ICE operation it is the exhaust gases, It spreads between the cooling jacket and the lubricant.

Customers with constant heat demand throughout the year are perfect candidates for CHP units, as they can fully benefit from the high nominal energy efficiency. Small cogeneration can provide the energy needs of a group of residents—for example [7] The main problem for this type of consumer is that the heat demand is variable during the year, peaking in winter and reaching minimum values ​​in summer. When the heat demand is not high enough. The exhaust gases of small CHP units must be blown at high temperatures. Therefore, Overall cogeneration efficiency (80% to 85%) is reduced to electrical efficiency. For the case of mGTs; Their low electrical performance leads to unsustainable operation. In these situations, units are forced to close down, reducing their profitability.

One option to increase the electrical efficiency of mGTs in moments of limited heat demand is to use the energy in the exhaust gas to heat water and inject it into the circulation behind the compressor. This can be achieved by introducing a saturation tower and converting the mGT into a micro Humid Air Turbine (mHAT). A portion of the hot water injected into the saturator evaporates into the compressed air: increasing the mass flow rate through the turbine for a given compressor input; Thus, higher electrical efficiency is achieved. Water injection in mGTs allows the separation of heat and electricity: if the heat demand is sufficient. The unit can operate in a conventional mGT configuration; When heat demand decreases, Water injection recycles the heat in the exhaust gas to improve the engine’s electrical efficiency.

The beneficial effect of converting MGT to mHAT was summarized numerically by De Paepe et al [10, 11, 12, 13, 14] have studied extensively; Al. [21] in our review of wet microturbines. According to the economics of mHAT; The authors of this paper use ICE for various natural gas and electricity price scenarios. A comparison of the profitability of mGT and mHAT cycles [22, 23]. Our studies confirmed that these three technologies are economically feasible in markets with low natural gas and high electricity prices. Furthermore, mHAT’s revenue is highest whenever the investment in CHP technologies is profitable. Although these reviews shed light on the profitability of composite manufacturing techniques from a general perspective; The performance of these units (especially of the mHAT cycle) will vary if the specific market conditions of some of the countries concerned are taken into account. It is relevant.

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In this paper, We are based in Madrid (Spain); mGT for domestic users located in Paris (France) and Brussels (Belgium); Performs economic and policy analysis of mHAT and ICE cycles. These three countries were chosen because their cooperation policies vary from green certificates and import tariffs to capital subsidies and operational assistance. The hourly heat and electricity needs of average users in each country are considered in addition to specific market conditions and the applicable CHP policies in each state. The aim of this work is twofold: to analyze the economic and environmental performance of the three technologies in the examined countries, as well as to evaluate the impact of the subsidies awarded on the economic results of Cogeneration units.

Section 2 draws the paper together to summarize micro-cooperation policies in the three countries studied. Later on, Section 3 introduces the basics of mHAT operation and the specifications of engines representing the three technologies considered. Section 4 details the economic model developed: how the units operate following heat demand; Model input (user demand and electricity and natural gas prices) and output (economic and environmental metrics used to evaluate technologies’ performance). Section 5 presents and discusses the results, while Section 6 summarizes the conclusions and policy implications.

The current cooperation policies of the three countries studied (Spain, Belgium and France) are described in this section and further summarized in Table 1. Given substantial subsidies, only those relevant to small CHP units are included.

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