Briefly Describe The Five Stages Of The Cell Cycle – In biology, mitosis refers to the cellular process in which a cell divides to produce two identical cells. From

, it means that both cells have the same number of chromosomes and genetic material. The mitosis steps include preprophase (in plant cells), prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. When each phase begins or ends is unclear because these phases apparently overlap. However, each of them is marked by special circumstances.

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(which is the division of the cytoplasm), as in the case of some cells like some fungi and in the fertilized eggs of many insects. Currently, the term mitosis is used interchangeably with cell division. However, in a strict sense, it is not always valid because there is another type of cell division that is associated with sexual reproduction – meiosis. The latter is different from mitosis.

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Mitosis is a type of cell division that involves somatic cells while meiosis is the cell division carried out by sex cells. Somatic cells divide mitotically to produce daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell. In contrast, the sex cells divide by meiosis in the result is the production of cells that are genetically different from the original cell. In mitosis, the cell divides once while in meiosis the cell divides twice. Thus, a cell produces two cells after mitosis while a cell produces four cells after meiosis.

Other characteristics that define mitosis are as follows: genetic recombination does not occur during mitosis and the chromosome number should be the same after mitosis; it is not reduced to half. These mitosis facts and information are illustrated in the following figures.

The somatic cells of a eukaryotic organism go through a biological process called the cell cycle. The cell cycle consists of the main events: (1) resting phase (Gap 0), (2) interphase (Gap 1, S phase, Gap 2), and (3) cell division (i.e. mitotic phase and cytokinesis) . In summary, a cell can enter a resting phase or an effect after cell division. If it enters interphase, the cell will prepare itself for cell division by entering the S phase, where DNA replication occurs. After replication, the new DNA molecules are checked and repaired if damaged. Before entering the mitotic phase, the cell has a control called

Mitosis occurs in somatic cells, especially in the nucleus. During the early phase of mitosis (prophase), the nuclear envelope breaks down, and thus, the next phase of mitosis occurs in the cell, mostly in the cytoplasm.

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The cell goes through a series of mitotic events that culminate in the formation of two identical daughter cells. The stages of mitosis are as follows: (1) prophase, (2) prometaphase, (3) metaphase, (4) anaphase, and (5) telophase. In plants, however, preprophase occurs before prophase. In this article, the 6 stages of mitosis are briefly explained.

Animal cell illustration to describe the different stages of mitosis in animal somatic cells. Notice how the animal cell divides at the end of mitosis. The cell is cleaved into two by one

(temporarily thick microtubule band) formed under the plasma membrane to mark the location of the plane of division and set the new location of the cell wall to be formed during cytokinesis. The discovery of the importance of the preprophase band in plant mitosis is based on the research of

The beginning of microtubule nucleation of the nuclear envelope also occurs during preprophase. This is important because plant cells do not have animal cells’ centrosomes. Centrosomes organize the mitotic spindles. In plants, the nuclear envelope (also known as the nuclear envelope) functions as the

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“. From the chromatin, the structure condenses into a chromosome. Remember that the result after S-phase is two copies of DNA in the form of two chains called sister chromatids. See the piece schematic diagram of a chromosome below.

Basic schematic diagram of a chromosome, with labels. The chromosome consists of sister chromatids joined by a kinetochore (at the centromere region). Credit: CNX OpenStax, CC 4.0

Prometaphase is the stage of mitosis between prophase and metaphase. The main event is the rupture of the nuclear envelope, creating many vesicles. Because the nuclear envelope explodes, it’s like “

“. The same thing happens to the nucleolus; it disassembles. The breakdown of the nuclear envelope releases the chromosomes. Another important event at this stage is the formation of the kinetochore in the centromere of the chromosome. In addition, long protein filaments are called

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From the centrosomes of the spindle pole at the opposite end of the cell. These microtubules, then, connect to the kinetochores of the chromosomes. (Ref. 2)

In metaphase, the chromosomes continue to condense. The main point of this phase is the relationship between the chromosomes in the equatorial plane (or metaphase plate).

In anaphase, the two sets of daughter chromosomes separate and move along the fibers of the central spindle to the poles.

In telophase, the chromosomes continue until two daughter nuclei are completed. The telophase is sometimes considered the

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Of prophase because the nucleolus and nuclear membrane “reappear” as they reassemble to all daughter nuclei. The chromosomes de-condense into chromatin and the mitotic spindle disassembles, thus, apparently disappearing.

After this, cytokinesis begins. In some cases, cytokinesis is a separate process while in others it is part of telophase. However, the end of telophase marks the end of the mitotic phase of the cell cycle. In animal cells, cytokinesis is marked by a cleavage furrow created whereas in plant cells, by a cell plate made in the middle of the cytoplasm (phragmoplast). The cell plate grows into the cell wall.

Mitosis is a strictly controlled biological process. The main regulators of mitosis are a group of cyclins and Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs) that work together not only during the M phase but also in different phases of the cell cycle.

Remember that there are checkpoints (for example, G1 checkpoint, G2 checkpoint, and Metaphase checkpoint) that will check if the conditions are good before going to the next phase. Otherwise, the process will stop. The cell will either enter a quiescent state (Gap 0) or be pre-treated before starting.

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Schematic diagram and description of plant distribution. Notice how plant cells divide. The phragmoplast forms in the middle of the cell division. Credit: Flickr, CC by 2.0

Mitosis is important for living organisms to survive because it is involved in important biological processes, especially the growth and repair of tissues. Humans, for example, rely on mitosis to create different cells in the body. Without mitosis, we wouldn’t have a body with intricate anatomy, to begin with. We will remain in the zygote stage as the zygote will not go into a plethora of cells that have different roles.

In multicellular eukaryotes, the somatic cells undergo mitosis to produce new cells essential for growth. When tissue is injured, cells divide to create new cells that will replace the lost cells. Some animals, such as starfish, have the ability to regenerate. They can create missing objects in the body, for example. arm, by mitosis. In addition, it can be a way to weaken the body’s tissues and organs. Red blood cells, for example, have a lifespan of about 4 months. The body is replenished with new red blood cells through mitosis.

Other organisms use mitosis for asexual reproduction. For example, plants reproduce by vegetative propagation, which actually involves mitosis in the process.

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Mitosis may be “open”, “closed”, or “semi-open” according to the fate of the nuclear tissue during mitosis. Open mitosis is one in which the nuclear envelope disassembles, thus releasing the chromosomes. This is found in animals and plants. Closed mitosis is when the nuclear envelope continues. This is found in fungi, certain protists, and many algae. Their chromosomes are distributed in a regular nucleus. (Ref. 3) Semi-open is the intermediate form and occurs in most Apicomplexa.

Prokaryotes do not have mitosis. However, their method of asexual reproduction is similar to the process of mitosis. Referred to as binary fission, the germ cell divides into two, which are clones of the original cell.

In multicellular eukaryotes, stem cells are cells that have not yet acquired a specific function. Instead, they divide continuously to create more cells. In medicine and science, scientists have taken them to the use of antibiotics. Apart from stem cells, other mitotically active cells are

(precursors). Both divide but not continuously as stem cells. Cancer cells are another example. They are old cells that have finally lost control of their cell division and thus continue to die.

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Plants are characterized by the change of generations in their life cycle. This lesson is a review of plant mitosis, meiosis, and the transition between generations. ..

Plants have plastids important in photosynthesis. They also have an extra layer called the cell wall on their cell’s exterior. Although animal cells do not have cell structures, both of them have nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, etc. Read this guide to know the structure of plants and their role in plants…

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