Which Cell Structure Is Responsible For Protein Synthesis – Learn to define protein synthesis. Find out which organelles are responsible for protein synthesis. Learn how the nucleus is involved in protein synthesis. Updated: 10/18/2021

As multicellular organisms, humans are composed of many eukaryotic cells. Cells are the most basic unit of life and work to build molecules that are essential for the structure and function of the body. A cell has organelles, or tiny organs, that work together to perform various tasks. Every cell has a nucleus where DNA, the blueprint for our bodies, is stored. This is where the process of protein synthesis begins.

Which Cell Structure Is Responsible For Protein Synthesis

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Genes, segments of genetic material, contain the information needed to build proteins. This process of making proteins is called protein synthesis. It begins with unzipped DNA, which is transcribed into messenger ribosomal nucleic acid (mRNA) by RNA polymerase using free base pairs found in the nucleus of the cell. The mRNA then leaves the lipid bilayer of the nucleus into the cytoplasm of the cell. The mRNA is then read by the ribosome and calls the corresponding tRNA or transfer ribosomal nucleic acid molecules to form the chain of amino acids. Proteins are made up of these chains of amino acids folded into complex shapes.

A cell is composed of many organelles, some of which are vital for the process of protein synthesis. These include the nucleus and its DNA, ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus (GA).

The nucleus contains and protects the DNA of the eukaryotic organism. But how is the nucleus involved in protein synthesis? When the gene is turned on, the cell receives specific instructions on how to make the protein. The gene is read by RNA polymerase producing the corresponding mRNA strand. This mRNA strand can leave the cell nucleus to be read by the ribosome.

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Ribosomes are vital in the process of translation, or using the information provided by mRNA to make a protein. These bipartite organelles are made up of rRNA or ribosomal RNA and proteins. The ribosome reads the mRNA and the tRNA molecules add amino acid molecules to form chains of amino acid molecules called polypeptide chains. This organelle can be located in the rough ER or free floating in the cytoplasm of the cell.

DNA is the blueprint for our bodies. Almost every cell in our body contains our complete genetic code. This code is essential for the structure and functioning of our body. The double helix shape of DNA is made up of nucleotides composed of sugar, phosphate and base. Adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine are the bases that make up genes, or sections of DNA that code for protein molecules. These protein molecules perform important functions in the cell and throughout the body.

MRNA is the corresponding copy of the gene that can leave the nucleus and enter the cytoplasm of the cell. The original DNA strand cannot leave the cell’s nucleus, but instead sends a short fragment or copy of the gene out of the nucleus. When the gene is turned on, an enzyme called RNA polymerase reads part of the unwound DNA strand and makes the corresponding strand of mRNA. Where RNA polymerase reads adenine (A), it uses uricyl (U), which has a very similar structure to thymine (T), which is used in DNA. cytosine (C) and guanine (G) act as matching base pairs.

The process of creating an mRNA chain from the original DNA fragment is called transcription. Transcription begins when RNA polymerase encounters a START codon or three nucleotide bases and continues to build with free bases until the STOP codon is read. This process is necessary in making the corresponding part of the instructions to exit the nucleus into the cytoplasm, where it can then be used in the process of protein synthesis through a process called translation.

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The process of translation describes the construction of a protein using mRNA. Specialized molecules called ribosomes, located in the cytoplasm or in the rough ER, bind to the mRNA strand by reading the base sequence. Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules transport the corresponding amino acids so that their bases match the mRNA scaffold. Each tRNA molecule carries a specific amino acid, which is determined by its three nucleotide bases (codon). These amino acids join together to form a chain of amino acids. After the entire mRNA stand is translated, the completed amino acid chain is then folded into a specific complex shape. This newly built protein molecule can either remain inside the cell or be secreted outside the cell. Proteins that contain a carbohydrate (sugar) tag for delivery to a specific site are then sent to the endoplasmic reticulum.

As the largest organelle, the endoplasmic reticulum is composed of membrane-bound vesicles and tubules and is considered a continuation of the nuclear membrane. Here proteins are synthesized, folded and prepared for transport. The rough endoplasmic reticulum, located closest to the nucleus, is lined with ribosomes, organelles that are vital in the process of translation. Proteins produced in the rough ER are destined for the cell membrane. The smooth ER does not contain ribosomes and is the site of lipid (fat) production. The translated proteins are then sent to the GA in vesicles.

Proteins, which are composed of stacked membrane sacs and vesicles, pass through the GA, are sorted, and packaged for transport. The organelle works to add chemical groups or signal sequences that allow proteins to be directed to their specific locations. The GA has two sides: the receiving end (cis face) that is closest to the proteins from the ER and apart from them, and the exit (trans face) that faces the cell membrane and allows the delivery of protein-carrying vesicles. Fused vesicles carrying proteins from the ER form cisternae. Proteins move through cisternae while enzymes modify them for their eventual destinations. GA packages proteins into vesicles destined for the cell membrane. Proteins can be used in lysosomes (an organelle that digests waste products), become part of the cytoplasm (accumulation of cytosol and organelles in it) or secreted from the cell (exocytosis).

Protein synthesis describes the process of building proteins from the instructions provided by genes. DNA is stored in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. The process of building proteins begins when the gene is turned on. RNA polymerase uses the free bases to make the complementary mRNA strand starting at the START codon and continuing until the STOP codon is reached. The mRNA chain then exits the nucleus into the cytoplasm. This process is called transcription.

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Translation of an mRNA strand begins with ribosomes reading a sequence of bases in sets of three nucleotides (codons). tRNA molecules carrying complementary bases to the read codon bring a specific amino acid. In the ER, a protein formed from a chain of amino acids is assembled and ready for delivery. Proteins produced in the rough ER are destined for the cell membrane. Vesicles bring translated proteins to the GA, here the proteins are packaged into vesicles destined for the cell membrane. The protein can be used outside the cell (in other parts of the body), by lysosomes (for digestion purposes) or it can become a working part of the cytoplasm of the cell.

Ribosomes located in the rough endoplasmic reticulum or floating in the cytoplasm are the main site of protein synthesis. The ribosome reads the mRNA and the tRNA molecules add amino acid molecules to form chains of amino acid molecules called polypeptide chains.

Every cell has a nucleus where DNA, the blueprint for our bodies, is stored. The nucleolus is located in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. Dense chromatin is stored here. Ribosomes, vital in the process of protein formation, are synthesized in the nucleolus.

Genes, stored in the cell’s nucleus, store the information needed for protein synthesis. Organelles involved in the process of protein synthesis include the nucleus, ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and the Golgi apparatus (GA).

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Unlock your education See for yourself why 30 million people use it Become a member and start learning now. Become a member A cell is the smallest living thing in the human organism, it is the functional and structural unit of all living things, and all living structures in the human body are composed of cells.

There are a huge number of different types of cells in the human body, which contains several billion cells with hundreds of cell-specific functions. Cells vary in shape (round, flat, long and thin, short and thick) and size, e.g. the small granule cells of the cerebellum in the brain (4 micrometers), to the giant oocytes (eggs) produced in the female reproductive organs (100 micrometers) and

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