Where Is The Central Nervous System Located – B is correct. The somatic nervous system, which is part of the peripheral nervous system. The nervous system of vertebrates consists of both a central and a peripheral nervous system. The peripheral nervous system includes the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary functions, and the somatic nervous system, which controls the voluntary contraction of skeletal muscles. Note: Although motor neuron cell bodies are located in the central nervous system, motor nerves, which are bundles of motor neuron axons, are part of the peripheral nervous system, and motor nerves that control voluntary skeletal muscle contraction are located specifically in the somatic nervous system.

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Where Is The Central Nervous System Located

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Central Nervous System (cns): Structure & Main Functions

The nervous system of vertebrates performs three main functions: high-level control of body systems, integration of sensory information, and adaptation to external influences. A thorough understanding of these three functions is important for the MCAT.

The nervous system’s control of the body includes not only the voluntary control of the limbs, but also the involuntary control of several important physiological processes. For example, digestion is a complex process that is partially controlled by the nervous system. When food particles enter the digestive tract, the GI system will release enzymes and gastric juices to digest the food. But even before the food is physically swallowed, the sight, smell, or even thought of food will trigger the brain to trigger the digestive tract to begin secreting digestive juices and enzymes. This process essentially prepares the body for nutrition.

In other words, the nervous system also controls the reproductive system. For example, oxytocin, which is the hormone that controls uterine contractions during labor and breastfeeding, is released by periventricular cells in the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus also controls endocrine functions such as thyroid regulation and the secretion of stress hormones from the adrenal glands.

The nervous system contains many sensory neurons that detect both external and internal stimuli. For example, photoreceptors in the eye receive visual stimuli from the outside world, while nociceptors in the skin detect injury and relieve pain. Internally, nociceptors detect the state of your GI system, causing feelings of comfort or discomfort, while baroreceptors detect changes in blood pressure based on distension of the carotid arteries.

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In the brain and spinal cord, sensory information is integrated and processed so that the body can respond appropriately. It is not always conscious. For example, a person who accidentally touches a hot stove will reflexively withdraw their hand until they feel pain. This is because the hand withdrawal response is entirely mediated by neurons in the spinal cord, with no input from the brain.

The nervous system also allows organisms to adapt to the external environment. For example, suppose someone was asked to hold a cursor for a long time. At first, the person will notice that the marker is in their hand. However, over time they will adapt to its presence and their awareness of the marker will gradually disappear. Another example: if a person gets sick after eating a particular food, they learn to avoid that food in the future.

The nervous system of vertebrates can be divided into the central and peripheral nervous systems (see Figure 1). The central nervous system, or CNS, consists of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system, or PNS, consists of neurons whose cell bodies are outside the brain and spinal cord, as well as nerves that exit the brain and spinal cord to various parts of the body.

The PNS can be further divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system (see Figure 2).

A: The Central Nervous System Of A Larva Of L. Polyphemus, From…

The somatic nervous system is under voluntary control. These include sensory neurons that receive information from the skin, muscles, and joints, as well as motor neurons that control skeletal muscle contractions. An example of a function of the somatic nervous system is the voluntary movement of an arm or leg.

On the other hand, the autonomic nervous system is under involuntary control. Like the somatic nervous system, it includes both sensory and motor neurons. Sensory neurons in the autonomic nervous system receive information from internal organs and can detect things like gastrointestinal discomfort or even stomach bloating when a person is full. Motor neurons of the autonomic nervous system control smooth muscle contractions (eg, peristaltic contractions in the gastrointestinal tract) as well as secretions from glands (eg, gastric acid secretion in the stomach).

The autonomic nervous system can be further divided into the parasympathetic, sympathetic and enteric nervous systems (see Figure 2).

The parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems are antagonistic to each other. The parasympathetic nervous system promotes “rest and digest” processes, which are especially pronounced after meals. These processes include salivation, urination, digestion, defecation, lacrimation, and sexual arousal. In contrast, the sympathetic nervous system promotes fight-or-flight responses that are prominent in the perception of an attack or threat to survival. Such reactions may include pupil dilation, increased heart rate and stroke volume, decreased GI function, and increased sweat secretion.

Nervous System Anatomy And Physiology

Finally, the enteric nervous system refers to the neurons in the gastrointestinal tract that regulate GI functions such as peristalsis and secretion of GI hormones.

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Peripheral Nervous System

Access hundreds of MCAT videos to help you study and improve your exam score. Enhance your learning with flashcards and question banks designed by experts. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. The brain and spinal cord are protected by bony structures, membranes and fluids. The brain is housed in the cranial cavity of the skull and consists of the cerebellum, cerebellum, and brainstem. The nerves involved are the cranial nerves and the spinal nerves.

The nervous system has three main functions: sensory input, data integration, and motor output. Sensory input is when the body gathers information or data through neurons, glia, and synapses. The nervous system consists of excitable nerve cells (neurons) and synapses, which are formed between neurons and connect them to the centers of the whole body or to other neurons. These neurons work by either excitatory or inhibitory action, and although nerve cells may vary in size and location, their communication with one another determines their function. These nerves transmit impulses from sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord. The data is then processed through data integration, which only happens in the brain. After the brain processes the information, impulses are sent from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands, which is called motor power. Glia cells are found in tissues and are not excitable, but help with myelination, ionic regulation, and extracellular fluid.

The nervous system consists of two main parts or divisions: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord. The brain is the “control center” of the body. The central nervous system contains various centers that perform sensory, motor and data integration. These centers can be divided into lower centers (including the spinal cord and brainstem) and higher centers that communicate with the brain through effectors.

The PNS is a vast network of spinal and cranial nerves connected to the brain and spinal cord. It contains sensory receptors that help process changes in the internal and external environment. This information is sent to the CNS via afferent sensory nerves. The PNS is then divided into the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system. The autonomic involuntary controls internal organs, blood vessels, smooth and cardiac muscles. Somatic voluntary control of the skin, bones, joints and skeletal muscles. The two systems work together as nerves from the PNS enter and become part of the CNS, and vice versa.

Nervous System Structure & Function

The central nervous system (CNS) is the largest part of the nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord. Together with the peripheral nervous system (PNS), it plays a key role in controlling behavior.

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