What Role Does Chlorophyll Play In Photosynthesis – Unlike consumers (herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, or decomposers) who depend on other living organisms for their nutritional needs and nourishment, producers have been distinguished by their ability to synthesize their own food. This is why we call producers

Now among producers, there are different categories of producers, i.e. different mechanisms through which they produce their own food.

What Role Does Chlorophyll Play In Photosynthesis

The scope of today’s discussion is limited to photosynthesis and photoautotrophs. So, let’s get started and find out the answers to these common questions:

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What is the process of photosynthesis, what are the 3 stages of photosynthesis, what are the results of photosynthesis, what are the byproducts of photosynthesis, what is the purpose of photosynthesis, photosynthesis is a chemical change, the various inputs and outputs of photosynthesis, carried out by photosynthetic organisms

Figure 1: From this flow chart, we can clearly pin down that plants are “photo-auto-litho-trophs”. Image Source: Akanksha Saxena from Biology Online.

. In simpler language, photosynthesis is the process by which green plants convert light energy into ‘chemical energy’.

This energy transformation is only possible due to the presence of the magical pigment molecule chlorophyll in photosynthesis. Chemical energy as previously referred to is the fixed carbon molecules produced during photosynthesis.

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Green plants and algae have the ability to use carbon dioxide and water molecules and produce food (carbohydrates) for all life forms on Earth. There is no doubt in the fact that life is impossible and unimaginable without green plants that photosynthesize and maintain the cycle of life.

Photosynthesis is the synthesis of complex organic matter using carbon dioxide, water, inorganic salts, and light energy (from sunlight) captured by light-absorbing pigments, such as chlorophyll and other accessory pigments. Photosynthesis can basically be simplified through this equation: 6CO

Photosynthesis of plants and photosynthetic organisms can be classified under different categories based on several characteristic features. They are:

Figure 3: Cyanobacteria not only do nitrogen fixation but are also known as photosynthesis in nature. Image Credit: University of Essex.

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Figure 4: Euglenas are photosynthetic. As depicted in the picture, you can see the chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll. Image Credit: ENI.

Figure 5: Phytoplankton play an important role in maintaining aquatic ecosystems. They are the main producers of oxygen in the Earth’s atmosphere. During the process of photosynthesis, they release a large amount of oxygen. Image Credit: Fondriest.

Photosynthesis is an example of a metabolic process with 2 stages. Both stages require light (direct or indirect sunlight). Therefore, the old claimed notion of the 2 processes as ‘absolute LIGHT and DARK reactions’ is inaccurate.

Scientific studies have shown that even the 2nd stage of photosynthesis requires indirect sunlight. Therefore, instead of classifying stages as light and dark photosynthetic reactions, we would like to classify 2 stages as follows:

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It is assumed that the first photosynthetic and photosynthetic creatures evolved relatively early down the evolutionary time scale of life.

It is also believed that the first photosynthetic organisms would have initially used other available reducing agents such as hydrogen ions or hydrogen sulfide in contrast to modern day photosynthetic organisms that use water as their “primary and only source of electrons”.

It is believed that cyanobacteria will appear on the Earth’s surface later than the first photosynthetic creatures. Once they appeared, they must have filled the Earth’s atmosphere with oxygen gas and led to its oxygenation. Only after the Earth was given oxygen would more complex life forms then develop.

When we compare photosynthesis with other metabolic processes such as respiration, we can clearly see that these two processes are almost opposite to each other. But another thing to note is that both processes simultaneously sustain life on Earth.

What Are The Products Of Photosynthesis?

You cannot separate respiration from photosynthesis or photosynthesis from respiration and expect life to go on normally. It cannot be so. Let’s try to compare and list some of the characteristics of photosynthesis and the cellular respiration process.

When we begin the discussion on this topic, it is important for us to know that no photosynthesis can take place without light-absorbing pigment molecules. The absorption of sunlight is the most important step of photosynthesis.

We should also note that the photon energy is different for each light with a different wavelength. And the energy required for photosynthesis to be carried out is from

. This protein is located in the membrane of the organism. Let’s learn how these pigment molecules are in organisms and how they make the membrane photosynthetic naturally.

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Figure 8: Prokaryotic pigment molecules are located in the cell membrane itself and not in specialized chloroplasts. Image Credit: Byung Hong Kim and Geoffrey Michael Gadd.

Figure 9: Eukaryotic pigment molecules are located in the thylakoid membrane of the specialized organelle “chloroplast”. Image Credit: Arizona.edu.net.

In eukaryotes, photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast because it is the designated organelle for the process of photosynthesis. There are nearly 10-100 chloroplasts in a typical plant cell.

Inside the chloroplast are thylakoids; a highly specialized site for catching light. The structure of this very unique part of the chloroplast is briefly discussed here.

What Is Photosynthesis?

Thylakoids are membrane-bound compartments in the chloroplasts of eukaryotic organisms. They are also found in the cytosol of cyanobacteria (cyanobacteria do not have chloroplasts but they only have thylakoids).

This thylakoid is the “main site for the first stage of photosynthesis. which is the “photochemical reaction” or better known as the “light-dependent photosynthetic reaction”. The main components of the thylakoid are the membrane, the lumen, and the lamellae. Chlorophyll molecules are found in this thylakoid membrane. .

Figure 11: Chloroplast with labeled parts. Credit: Vossman, CC BY-SA 4.0. For a detailed explanation of the different parts of the chloroplast, read this: Chloroplast Structure

. We choose to call this stage the “first stage: PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTION STAGE”. It is also called

Solved 1. Which Wavelengths Of Light Do Plants Use In Their

This stage is marked by 3 important steps of photosynthesis: Water oxidation, NADP+ reduction, and ATP formation. The site where this reaction takes place is the lamellar portion of the chloroplast. The unit of light-dependent response is

White light that reaches Earth has different wavelength subdivisions that together make up the visible spectrum (390-760nm). But photosynthetic organisms specifically use a subset called PAR (Photosynthetically Active Radiation).

Reflected back by plants and this is why plants appear green. Blue-green light is not used, only blue light is used.

Figure 13: PAR or Photosynthesis Active Radiation ranges from 400nm to 700nm. Image Credit: Light Science Technology.

What Role Does Chlorophyll Play In Photosynthesis?

Figure 14: Different pigments absorb different wavelengths of light optimally. So the absorption spectrum of each pigment is characteristic of each of them. Image Credit: Fondriest.

IMPORTANT NOTE: Absorption spectra are calculated for any pigment involved in photosynthesis. On the other hand, the action spectrum is calculated only for photochemical reactions that carry out the pigment i.e. chlorophyll-a found in the reaction center. We identify the progress of photochemical reactions as “evolution of oxygen gas” which mainly occurs in reaction centers where only chlorophyll-a is present. Since the action is directly related to the specific excitation of the chlorophyll-a molecule, the action spectrum is scientifically calculated only for this chlorophyll-a.

Figure 15: Absorption spectra showing pigments involved in photosynthesis. When chlorophyll-a absorbs in this exact same range, the action spectrum reflects chlorophyll-a as the primary pigment. Image Credit: Projects.ncsu.edu.

Now, if you’re wondering how the first electron lost by the first chlorophyll is replenished to keep this cycle going, read on. The answer to this question is

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In the thylakoid membrane carry out photolysis of water. Chlorophyll molecules eventually regain the electrons they lost when water molecules split in a process called photolysis, which releases oxygen.

Many scientists have doubts about the source of oxygen in photosynthesis. Some speculate the CO oxygen atom

Gas is the source of oxygen after photosynthesis. But it is the collective contribution of some 4 scientists that provides clarity on this topic.

) and found that the source of oxygen is the oxidation of water molecules (‘indirect evidence’). While Ruben, Hassid, and Kamen conducted isotopic studies that provided ‘direct evidence’ of oxygen evolving from H

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Hydrolysis of 2 molecules of water leads to the evolution of 1 molecule of oxygen gas. The photosynthesis equation for light-dependent reactions (non-cyclic electron flow) or the chemical formula for photosynthesis:

Is a misnomer because Science has now proven that the second stage of photosynthesis is not a light-independent reaction. Although it does not require direct light, indirect light is involved even in this process. We choose to label this stage of photosynthesis as “stage 2: CARBON FIXATION REACTION STAGE”, which is also called:

In this cycle, the carbon dioxide produced is fixed to glucose molecules. To be very specific, the Calvin cycle does not directly produce glucose, instead it produces glyceraldehyde-5-phosphate (G-3-P). Glucose is formed

Produces 2 molecules of G-3-P which in turn produces 1 molecule of glucose. This uses 18ATP and 12 NADPH.

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The key enzyme is RuBisCo. It is a multi-enzyme complex with 8 large and 8 small subunits. The substrate for this enzyme is CO

. The role of RuBisCo is that it captures carbon dioxide gas from the atmosphere and uses NADPH from stage 1 (photochemical reaction/light-dependent reaction stage) to fix CO

Simple carbon

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