What Part Of The Body Produces Hormones – The pancreas is an organ of the digestive system and docrine system of vertebrates. In humans, it is located in the abdomen behind the stomach and functions as a gland. The pancreas is a mixed or heterocrine gland, i.e. it has both docrine and digestive exocrine functions.

As an endocrine gland, it functions mainly to regulate blood sugar levels by secreting the hormones insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide. As part of the digestive system, it functions as an exocrine gland that secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum through the pancreatic duct. This juice contains bicarbonate, which neutralizes the stomach acid that leads to duodenum; and the digestive tract, which breaks down the carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in the food that exits the duodenum from the stomach.

What Part Of The Body Produces Hormones

Inflammation of the pancreas is known as pancreatitis, with common causes including chronic alcohol use and gallstones. Because of its role in blood sugar regulation, the pancreas is also a key organ in diabetes mellitus. Pancreatic cancer can develop after chronic pancreatitis or for other reasons, and has a very poor prognosis, as it is often identified only after it has spread to other parts of the body.

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The word pancreas comes from the Greek παν (pan, “all”) and κρεας (kreas, “meat”). The function of the pancreas in diabetes has been known since at least 1889, and its role in insulin production was identified in 1921.

The pancreas (shown in pink here) sits behind the stomach, with its body close to the curvature of the duodenum and its tail extending to touch the spleen.

The pancreas is an organ that lies in the stomach in humans, extending from behind the stomach to the left upper abdomen near the spleen. In adults, it is about 12–15 cm (4.7–5.9 in) long, lobulated and salmon-colored in appearance.

Anatomically, the pancreas is divided into the head, neck, body and tail. The pancreas extends from the inner curve of the duodenum, where the head surrounds two blood vessels: the superior mesenteric artery and vein. The longest part of the pancreas, the body, extends behind the stomach, and the tail of the pancreas borders the spleen.

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Two ducts, the main pancreatic duct and the smaller accessory pancreatic duct run through the body of the pancreas. The main duct of the pancreas joins the common bile duct forming a small balloon called the ampulla of Vater (ampulla of the hepatopancreas). This ampulla is surrounded by a muscle, the sphincter of Oddi. This ampulla enters the descending part of the duodenum. The opening of the common bile duct into the main pancreatic duct is controlled by Boyd’s sphincter. The accessory pancreatic duct enters the duodenum with separate openings located above the opening of the main pancreatic duct.

The head of the pancreas lies within the curvature of the duodenum and wraps around the superior mesenteric artery and vein. On the right is the descending part of the duodenum, and between them travel the superior and inferior pancreaticoduodal arteries. Behind lies the inferior vena cava and the common bile duct. In front is the peritoneal membrane and transverse colon.

A small intact process emerges from under the head, which is located behind the superior mesenteric vein, and sometimes also the artery.

The neck of the pancreas separates the head of the pancreas, located in the curve of the duodenum, from the body. The neck is about 2 cm (0.79 in) wide and is located in front of where the portal vein forms. The neck lies mostly behind the pylorus of the stomach and is covered by the peritoneum. The anterior superior pancreaticoduodal artery travels in front of the neck of the pancreas.

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The body is the largest part of the pancreas, and lies mostly behind the stomach, tapering along its length. The peritoneum is located on top of the body of the pancreas, and the transverse colon is located in front of the peritoneum.

Behind the pancreas are several blood vessels, including the aorta, the connecting vein, and the left jugular vein, as well as the beginning of the superior mesenteric artery.

Below the body of the pancreas is a part of the small intestine, more precisely the last part of the duodenum and the jejunum with which it connects, as well as the supsorial ligament of the duodenum, which is located between these two. In front of the pancreas is the transverse colon.

It is usually between 1.3–3.5 cm (0.51–1.38 in) long and is located between the ligamentous layers between the spleen and the left kidney. The combined artery and vein, which also passes behind the body of the pancreas, pass behind the tail of the pancreas.

Endocrine Glands And Their Hormones

The pancreas has a rich blood supply, and the vessels originate as branches of the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries.

The split artery runs along the apex of the pancreas and supplies the left part of the body and tail of the pancreas through its pancreatic branches, the largest of which is called the greater pancreatic artery.

The superior and inferior pancreaticoduodal arteries pass along the posterior and anterior surfaces of the head of the pancreas along the duodenum. They supply the head of the pancreas. These vessels join (anastamosis) in the middle.

The lymphatic vessels of the body and tail drain into the conjoined lymph nodes, and finally into the lymph nodes lying in front of the aorta, between the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries. The lymphatic vessels of the head and neck drain into the middle lymphatic vessels around the pancreaticoduodal, mesenteric and hepatic arteries, and from there into the lymph nodes lying in front of the aorta.

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This image shows a pancreatic islet in which pancreatic tissue has been stained and viewed under a microscope. Parts of the digestive (“exocrine”) pancreas can be seen around the islet, darker. They contain hazy dark purple granules of inactive digestive winters (winters).

Pancreatic islet using fluorescent antibodies to show the location of different cell types in the pancreatic islet. Antibodies against glucagon, secreted by alpha cells, show their peripheral position. Anti-insulin antibodies, secreted by beta cells, show the more widespread and central location these cells have.

The pancreas contains tissue with a docrine and exocrine role, and this division is also visible when the pancreas is viewed under a microscope.

Most of the pancreatic tissue has a digestive role. Cells with this role form clusters (Latin: acini) around small canals, and are arranged in lobes that have thin fibrous walls. The cells of each acinus secrete inactive digestive secretions called zymog into the small intercalated canals that surround them. In each acinus, the cells are pyramidal in shape and arranged around intercalated ducts, with a nucleus located on the basement membrane, a large doplasmic reticulum, and a number of winter granules visible within the cytoplasm. Intercalated ducts drain into larger intralobular ducts within the lobules, and finally into interlobular ducts. The ducts are lined with a single layer of columnar cells. There is more than one layer of cells as the diameter of the channel increases.

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Tissues with a role doctrine within the pancreas exist as clusters of cells called pancreatic islets (also called islets of Langerhans) that are distributed throughout the pancreas.

Pancreatic islets contain alpha cells, beta cells, and delta cells, each of which releases a different hormone. These cells have distinctive locations, with alpha cells (secreting glucagon) located around the periphery of the islets and beta cells (secreting insulin) being more numerous and located throughout the islets.

The islets consist of up to 3,000 secretory cells and contain several small arterioles to receive blood and vula that allow the hormones secreted by the cells to affect the systemic circulation.

There are several anatomical variations related to the embryological development of the two pancreatic buds. The pancreas develops from these buds on either side of the duodenum. The ventral bud rotates to lie next to the dorsal bud, finally converging. In about 10% of adults, an accessory pancreatic duct may exist if the main duct of the dorsal pancreatic bud does not retract; this duct enters the small duodenal papilla.

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If the two buds, each with a duct, do not fuse, the pancreas may exist with two separate ducts, a condition known as pancreas divisum. This condition has no physiological consequences.

If the vtral bud does not rotate completely, there may be an annular pancreas, where part or all of the duodenum is surrounded by the pancreas. This may be associated with duodenal atresia.

Fewer than 100 of these genes are specifically expressed in the pancreas. Similar to the salivary glands, most pancreas-specific genes code for secreted proteins. The corresponding pancreas-specific proteins are either expressed in the exocrine cellular compartment and have functions related to digestion or food intake, such as the digestive chymotrypsin ZIM and the pancreatic lipase PNLIP, or are expressed in various docrine cells of the pancreatic islets and have functions related to the secretion of hormones such as which are insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide.

The pancreas originates from the foregut, the precursor tube for part of the digestive tract, as a dorsal and ventral bud. As it develops, the internal bud rotates to the other side and the two buds fuse

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