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What Organ Is Not Part Of The Digestive System

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Abdominal cavity, largest hollow space of the body. Its upper border is the diaphragm, a sheet of muscle and connective tissue that separates it from the chest cavity; its lower border is the upper plane of the pelvic cavity. Vertically it is surrounded by the vertebral column and the abdominal and other muscles. The abdominal cavity contains most of the digestive tract, the liver and pancreas, the spleen, the kidneys, and the adrenal glands located above the kidneys.

The abdominal cavity is lined by the peritoneum, a membrane that covers not only the inner wall of the cavity (parietal peritoneum) but also every organ or structure contained within it (visceral peritoneum). The space between the visceral and parietal peritoneum, the peritoneal cavity, usually contains a small amount of serous fluid that allows free movement of the viscera, especially the gastrointestinal tract, within the peritoneal cavity. The peritoneum, by connecting the visceral with the parietal parts, helps support and organize the abdominal organs. Different attachments of the peritoneum divide the abdominal cavity into several compartments.

Some of the viscera are attached to the abdominal walls by large areas of peritoneum, such as the pancreas. Others, such as the liver, are attached by folds of peritoneum and ligaments, usually poorly supplied by blood vessels.

The peritoneal ligaments are actually relatively strong peritoneal folds, usually connecting viscera to viscera or viscera to the abdominal wall; their name usually comes from the structures connected to them (eg, the gastrocolic ligament, which connects the stomach and colon; the splenocolic ligament, which connects the spleen and colon) or from their shape (eg, round ligament , triangular ligament).

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The mesentery is a band of peritoneum that attaches to the abdominal wall and encloses the viscera. It extends from the pancreas, over the small intestine, and down into the colon and upper rectum. It helps hold the organs in place and abundantly supplies the vessels that carry blood to or from the organs it encases.

The omenta are folds of peritoneum that contain nerves, blood vessels, lymph channels, and fatty and connective tissue. There are two omenta: the greater omentum hangs from the transverse colon of the large intestine like an apron; the inferior omentum is smaller and extends between the stomach and the liver.

Common diseases of the abdominal cavity include the presence of fluid in the peritoneal cavity (ascites) and peritonitis, an inflammation of the peritoneum. in the body. Although the small intestine is the workhorse of the system, where most digestion occurs, and where most excreted nutrients are absorbed into the blood or lymph, each of the organs of the digestive system performs an important contribution to this process.

As is the case with all body systems, the digestive system does not work in isolation; it works in partnership with other body systems. Consider for example, the relationship between the digestive and cardiovascular systems. Arteries supply the digestive organs with oxygen and processed nutrients, and veins drain the digestive tract. These intestinal veins, which form the hepatic portal system, are unique; they do not directly return blood to the heart. Instead, this blood is diverted to the liver where its nutrients are off-loaded for processing before the blood completes its circuit back to the heart. At the same time, the digestive system provides nutrients to the heart muscle and vascular tissue to support their function. The relationship between the digestive and endocrine systems is also critical. Hormones secreted by certain endocrine glands, as well as the endocrine cells of the pancreas, stomach, and small intestine, contribute to the control of digestion and nutrient metabolism. In this regard, the digestive system provides nutrients to the functioning of the endocrine function. Table 1 gives a quick glance at how these other systems contribute to the functioning of the digestive system.

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Lymphoid tissue associated with the mucosa and other lymphatic tissue defends against the entry of pathogens; lacteals absorb lipids; and lymphatic vessels carry lipids into the bloodstream

The easiest way to understand the digestive system is to divide its organs into two main categories. The first group is the organs that make up the alimentary canal. The accessory digestive organs comprise the second group and are critical for regulating the breakdown of food and the assimilation of its nutrients in the body. Accessory digestive organs, despite their name, are critical to the functioning of the digestive system.

Also called the gastrointestinal (GI) tract or gut, the alimentary canal (aliment- = “to nourish”) is a one-way tube that is approximately 7.62 meters (25 feet) long during life and closer to 10.67 meters ( 35 feet) in length when measured after death, when smooth muscle tone is lost. The main function of the organs of the alimentary canal is to nourish the body. This tube starts at the mouth and ends at the anus. Between those two points, the canal is modified as the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines to suit the body’s functional needs. Both the mouth and anus are open to the external environment; thus, food and waste within the alimentary canal are technically considered outside the body. Only through the process of absorption do the nutrients in food enter and nourish the “inner space” of the body.

Each accessory digestive organ helps break down food. Inside the mouth, the teeth and tongue initiate mechanical digestion, while the salivary glands initiate chemical digestion. Once food products enter the small intestine, the gallbladder, liver, and pancreas release secretions—such as bile and enzymes—that are needed to continue digestion. Together, they are called accessory organs because they arise from the lining cells of the gut (mucosa) and augment its function; in fact, you cannot live without their essential contributions, and many important diseases result from their malfunction. Even after development, they maintain a connection with the intestine through ducts.

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Throughout its length, the alimentary tract consists of the same four layers of tissue; the details of their structural arrangements vary to fit their specific functions. Starting at the lumen and moving outward, these layers are the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa, which are continuous with the mesentery.

Figure 2. The wall of the alimentary canal has four main tissue layers: the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa.

The mucosa is referred to as a mucous membrane, because mucus production is a characteristic of the gut epithelium. The membrane consists of the epithelium, which is in direct contact with the ingested food, and the lamina propria, a layer of connective tissue similar to the dermis. In addition, the mucosa has a thin, smooth muscle layer, called the muscularis mucosa (not to be confused with the muscularis layer, described below).

As its name suggests, the submucosa lies immediately beneath the mucosa. A broad layer of dense connective tissue, it connects the overlying mucosa to the underlying muscularis. These include blood and lymphatic vessels (which carry absorbed nutrients), and a proliferation of submucosal glands that secrete digestive secretions. In addition, it serves as a conduit for a dense branching network of nerves, the submucosal plexus, which functions as described below.

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The third layer of the alimentary canal is the muscularis (also called muscularis externa). The muscularis in the small intestine consists of a double layer of smooth muscle: an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer. Contractions of these layers promote mechanical digestion, expose more of the food to digestive chemicals, and move the food along the canal. In the most proximal and distal regions of the alimentary canal, including the mouth, pharynx, anterior part of the esophagus, and external anal sphincter, the muscularis consists of skeletal muscle, which gives you voluntary control over swallowing and defecation. The basic two-layer structure found in the small intestine is modified in the organs proximal and distal to it. The stomach is equipped for its churning function by adding a third layer, the oblique muscle. While the colon has two layers like the small intestine, its longitudinal layer is separated into three narrow parallel bands, the tenia coli, making it look like a series of pouches rather than a simple tube.

The serosa is the part of the alimentary canal that is superficial to the muscularis. Located only in the region of the alimentary canal inside the stomach cavity, it consists of a layer of

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