What Is The Use Of Pancreas In Your Body – This review aimed to analyze the scientific literature on pancreatic diseases (especially exocrine pancreatic insufficiency). This review also describes the correlation between the physiological fitness of the pancreas and obesity. The influence of pancreatic exocrine function on the development of the organism of adults and adolescents was also described. Results from piglet studies available in the literature were cited as an established model used to optimize treatments for pancreatic diseases in humans. The pancreas has an exocrine and hormonal function. Consequently, it is one of the key internal organs in animals and humans. Pancreatic diseases are usually serious and particularly problematic. A well-composed diet and the intake of dietary supplements significantly improve the patient’s well-being, as well as the course of the disease. Therefore, a healthy diet and lifestyle have a positive impact on maintaining the optimal physiological efficiency of the pancreas.

The pancreas is a glandular organ that affects the functioning of the entire body. Emerging pancreatic insufficiency is the inability of the pancreas to biosynthesize and/or secrete digestive enzymes in sufficient quantity to digest and absorb food components in the intestines. Insufficiency usually occurs as a result of damage to the pancreas, which can be caused by a variety of clinical conditions, for example, acute recurrent pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, diabetes, autoimmune diseases, after pancreatectomy surgery. It happens that such failure is the result of pancreatic or gastrointestinal cancer. In children, it is most often associated with cystic fibrosis (about 90% of patients) or a rare genetic disease such as Shwachman-Diamond syndrome. Pancreatic insufficiency usually manifests itself as malabsorption, malnutrition, vitamin deficiency, and weight loss (or lack of weight gain in children). Treatment involves treating the root cause, preventing further damage to the pancreas, and relieving symptoms.

What Is The Use Of Pancreas In Your Body

In this article, the authors present the impact of pancreatic malfunction on higher mammalian organisms. Based on the analysis of the literature, the influence of pancreatic exocrine function on the development of the adult and adolescent organism was described. Individual diseases that directly affect the health of the pancreas are listed and briefly described. The correlation between pancreatic diseases and factors such as diet, lifestyle and obesity was also discussed.

Pancreas: Anatomy, Function, And Treatment

Anatomically, the pancreas is divided into head, body and tail (Figure 1). The pancreatic parenchyma has a lobular structure and contains numerous secretory vesicles, which constitute 80 to 85% of the mass of the organ. The discharge ducts are very important for the functioning of the pancreas. Each bubble has an outlet wire that connects to the others and connects to the main conduit. The main duct is the pancreatic duct, which begins at the tail of the pancreas, runs through the entire organ and finally enters the duodenum through the major papilla (Vatera). Apart from it, there is also the accessory pancreatic duct, which in approximately 70% of people connects with the pancreatic duct, and finally, the substance secreted by the pancreas, transported through both ducts, goes to the so-called major duodenal papilla. . In the histological structure of the pancreas, two basic elements are distinguished: the pancreatic islets (or islands of Langerhans – their number can even reach 2 million and they produce pancreatic hormones) and the secretory cells, which constitute the rest of the organ and are responsible for Secretion of pancreatic juice and pancreatic enzymes.

The pancreas has two essential and very important functions in the body: endocrine (production of hormones that regulate blood sugar levels and glandular secretion) and exocrine (the function of the digestive gland) (Yamada et al., 2005). Endocrine activity is carried out by the islets of Langerhans and involves the production of hormones such as insulin, proinsulin, amylin, C-peptide, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and glucagon. Insulin helps lower blood sugar and glucagon causes blood sugar to rise. On the other hand, exocrine activity consists of the production of enzymes that are part of the isoosmotic and alkaline pancreatic juice and support the digestion of food in the intestines. The intravesical cells produce the enzymatic components of the juice, which is carried to the duodenum through the pancreatic ducts. Additionally, mucus is secreted into the pancreatic ducts through goblet cells. The composition of pancreatic juice includes enzymes that digest proteins, fats, carbohydrates and nucleic acids, as well as electrolytes and a small amount of mucus (Dąbrowski et al., 2007).

Enzymes such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase and elastase belong to the group of proteolytic enzymes (they digest proteins). Trypsin and chymotrypsin are secreted in the form of proenzymes: trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen. Pancreatic lipolytic enzymes are lipase, phospholipase and esterase, which digest fats. Glycolytic (carbohydrate-digesting) enzymes are lactase and amylase, which break down starch into maltose, maltotriose, and dextrins. Nucleolytic enzymes include ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease, which break down nucleic acids into mono- and oligonucleotides. Food consumption and the neurohormonal mechanism regulate the secretion of digestive enzymes. The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice in a volume of about 1 to 4 liters per day, and this amount depends on the food consumed.

The central nervous system and hormones regulate the exocrine function of the pancreas. Hormones such as secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK) are believed to be the main intestinal hormones that regulate the secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes (Morisset, 2020). Secretin is released from enteroendocrine cells in the small intestine and CCK is released from the duodenum and jejunum in the presence of lipids and proteins from ingested food. Kapica et al. (2018) described the effect of obestatin (a hormone produced in specialized cells in the stomach and small intestine of many animals, including humans) on exocrine pancreatic secretion in rats. They discovered that this hormone can stimulate the secretion of pancreatic juice through two opposing mechanisms.

Purpose, Role, Function And Location Of The Pancreas

Scientists have long tried to better understand the impact of the physiological functions of the pancreas on the human body. The recognized model closest to the human is the porcine model. CCK has also been shown to be the main regulator of exocrine function of the pancreas in pigs, despite the lack of CCK receptors (Schweiger et al., 2000; Morisset et al., 2003). It has also been observed that pancreatic development in pigs seems to depend more on the change in diet at weaning than on age (Pierzynowski et al., 1993). Milk consumption by a piglet causes a postprandial increase in glucose, but not insulin (Pierzynowski et al., 1995). Therefore, it can be concluded that milk can regulate the exocrine function of the pancreas by producing the amount and type of enzymes necessary for digestion. In the available literature, some reports indicate a positive correlation between the exocrine function of the pancreas and weight gain in both suckling piglets (van den Borne et al., 2007) and young piglets (Botermans and Pierzynowski, 1999; Pierzynowski et al. ., 2005). Pierzynowski et al. performed an experiment with piglets, in which in 7 out of 10 pigs analyzed, as body weight increased, they observed an increase in exocrine pancreatic secretion and a greater exocrine pancreatic secretion after a meal than preprandial secretion (Flegal et al. , 2010). Disturbances in feed digestion and absorption in pigs with EPI result in slower growth of the animal. However, as pigs age, the impact of pancreatic exocrine function on organismal growth decreases. Gregory et al. found that in pigs of approximately 30 kg body weight, EPI causes complete growth retardation (Gregory et al., 1999), and Corring and Bourdon (1977) only observed a 25% growth retardation in pigs tied at 40 kg . Pierzynowski et al. (1990) conducted studies on the development of pancreatic exocrine function in piglets. The experiment consisted of monitoring gastric secretion and excretion of total protein and trypsin before and after feeding during the first 13 weeks of the animal’s life (Pierzynowski et al., 1990). The results of the studies showed that basal pancreatic function and secretory response to feeding remained low until 4-5 weeks of age. Only after weaning of the piglets did both pancreatic juice secretion and trypsin secretion and activity increase significantly. It was also observed that the enzymatic composition of pancreatic juice changed qualitatively during this period. Furthermore, intravenous administration of cholecystokinin (CCK) and secretin did not stimulate exocrine function during the first 2 weeks of age, while a significant effect was observed between 3 and 4 weeks of age. Thus, during individual development, they found an increase in exocrine pancreatic function and a qualitative change in the pattern of hydrolytic enzymes. They also observed an increase in the pancreatic response to hormonal stimulation during the feeding period.

Fedkiv et al. (2009) investigated the growth of pigs with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) at different ages. They subjected the experiment to twelve 7-week-old weaned piglets and twelve 16-week-old pigs during the fattening period. Six pigs in each group underwent surgery to ligate the pancreatic duct. They monitored the growth of the animals and recorded the consumption of feed enriched with porcine pancreatin (Creon

10000). They observed that EPI caused growth inhibition in weaned pigs, but did not affect the growth of older pigs compared to the corresponding groups of non-operated pigs. Older pigs subjected to

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