What Is The Role Of Vitamin D3 – The human body gets vitamin D either from diet or from the sun. Which of the following represents the conversion of vitamin D derived from animal dietary sources to its active form in the kidney?

We will focus on Vitamin D, which together with parathyroid hormone, helps to increase calcium levels, while calcitonin helps to reduce them.

What Is The Role Of Vitamin D3

Most of the extracellular calcium, calcium in the blood and interstitium, is divided almost equally into dissociable calcium and non-dissociable calcium.

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The first is non-ionized calcium, which is involved in all kinds of cellular processes such as the action potential of neurons, the contraction of bones, smooth and cardiac muscles, the release of hormones, and blood clotting, all of which are tightly controlled by enzymes and hormones.

The second group is complex calcium, where the positively charged calcium is thought to combine with small negatively charged molecules such as oxalate and phosphate, which are small anions, which are found in our blood.

Ionized calcium forms an electrically neutral molecule but unlike non-ionized calcium it is not useful for cellular processes.

The resulting protein-calcium complex is very large and charged across the membrane, so the non-diffusible calcium is also not involved in cellular processes.

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Now, after the parathyroid hormone, the active form of vitamin D, also called calcitriol, is the second most important hormone involved in regulating blood calcium.

Either vitamin D2, or ergocalciferol, which comes from plant sources in our diet, and vitamin D3, or cholecalciferol, which can either come from animal products in our diet, but can also be made in skin cells that have been exposed to the sun.

Vitamin D is a steroid hormone whose function is to promote new bone mineralization. This is accomplished by increasing the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the gut and kidneys, and stimulating osteoclast activity in the bone, to promote bone remodeling. These actions are mediated by parathyroid hormone, which shares many of the effects of vitamin D. Vitamin D can be obtained in an inactive form through the diet or by synthesis in the skin. Its physiologically active form is found only after hydroxylation in the kidneys by the enzyme 1-alpha-hydroxylase to 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.

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Application of Phosphate, Calcium, and Vitamin D to the Pregnant Ewe Uterus in Late Pregnancy: Regulation of Chorionic Somatomammotropin Hormone

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Vitamin D: Video, Anatomy, Definition & Function

Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical Specialties, University Hospital of Modena, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy

Received: 29 July 2022 / Revised: 9 August 2022 / Accepted: 11 August 2022 / Published: 12 August 2022

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Vitamin D in Human Health and Disease 2.0)

Vitamin D is an important nutrient with many pleiotropic effects on health and various chronic diseases. The purpose of this review is to provide a detailed report on the pathophysiological mechanisms that cause vitamin D deficiency in patients with chronic liver disease, to address the different etiologies of the liver and the state of chronic liver disease (cirrhosis) and related problems. Until now, patients with liver disease, regardless of the underlying etiology, have been shown to have reduced levels of vitamin D. There is also evidence of the predictive role of vitamin D values ​​in the complications and development of advanced disease. However, specific indications for vitamin D supplementation are not available regarding what is already recommended for the general population. Future studies should attempt to unify and confirm the role of vitamin D supplementation in chronic liver disease.

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Vitamin D is a soluble and secosteroid hormone with pleiotropic effects on human health and many chronic diseases. This review aims to summarize the evidence currently available on the role of Vitamin D in different liver etiologies and hepatological clinical events, from chronic liver disease to advanced liver disease (cirrhosis) and its complications; Finally, we would like to indicate when vitamin D supplementation would be beneficial for these patients.

We searched English-language publications in MEDLINE, Ovid, In-Process, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and PubMed until May 2022. A literature search was conducted using the following keywords: Vitamin D, Vit. D, liver diseases, chronic liver disease, chronic liver disease, portal hypertension, non-alcoholic liver disease, acute hepatitis, hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, cholestasis, hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC.

The most important source of vitamin D is its synthesis in the skin as a product of sunlight. Ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation converts 7-dehydrocholesterol (a cholesterol metabolite in the plasma membrane) to previtamin D3, which rapidly dissociates into vitamin D3 in a heat-dependent process in the lower epidermis [1]. Once synthesized, vitamin D3 is released from the plasma membrane into the extracellular space, where vitamin D-binding protein is transported to the capillary bed of the skin. Vitamin D synthesis is determined by the intensity of ultraviolet rays (spectrum 280–320 UVB) and varies with season and latitude. At the same time, the melanin in the skin blocks UVB, thus preventing the production of D3, as do sunscreens and clothing. A small amount of Vitamin D can also be obtained from the diet: oily fish, egg yolks, milk, shiitake mushrooms, cocoa and cocoa-based foods (where the amount of vitamin D depends on the level of fungal contamination during fermentation) [2 ] ], liver, or organ meat. Vitamin D from animal sources is cholecalciferol (D3), while ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) is produced in plants and fungi [3, 4, 5]. Except for fatty fish (such as sardines, herring, tuna, mackerel, salmon, and cod liver oil), the amount of vitamin D present in food is not available unless it is fortified, such as in milk [6].

Vitamin D itself is not biologically active. It undergoes a 3-step activation process before interacting with its receptor: 25-hydroxylation, 1α-hydroxylation, and 24-hydroxylation. These three steps are catalyzed by multi-function oxidases of cytochrome P450 (CYPs such as CYP2R1, CYP27A1, CYP27B1, and CYP24A1), enzymes that are localized in the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. A series of electron donors for endoplasmic reticulum enzymes is the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-dependent reductase P450. A series of electron donors for mitochondrial enzymes include ferredoxin and ferredoxin reductase. Once synthesized, Vitamin D is transported in the blood by vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) to the liver, where it is hydroxylated at C-25 to produce 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3]. 25(OH)D3, also known as calcidiol, is the primary circulating form of vitamin D (88% bound to DBP) and has a long half-life of 2-3 weeks. His serum concentration has been

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