What Is The Role Of The Mitochondria In The Cell – . They provide the cell with chemical energy in the form of ATP molecules. The definition of mitochondrion in biology is as follows:

Mitochondria are round or oval-shaped, double-membraned organelles in eukaryotic cells that are responsible for charging the cell to perform cellular functions by producing energy units called ATP.

What Is The Role Of The Mitochondria In The Cell

Mitochondria are cell organelles that are actively involved in the production of energy or fuel for the basic biological functions of the cell. Now the question arises,

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Is a high-energy compound that provides cellular energy needs. It occurs in the process of cellular respiration, which takes place in the mitochondria. During cellular respiration, food is oxidized, oxygen is consumed, and carbon dioxide is released.

Figure 1: Take a look at this mitochondrial diagram to understand its basic structure and internal components. You can notice the double membrane structure and distinct DNA of the mitochondria (

DNA) other than nuclear DNA (DNA found in the nucleus) of a cell. Image Source: Maria Victoria Gonzaga in Biology.

Figure 2: ATP (in biology) is the basis of all cell functions; whether it is a plant cell or an animal cell, a human cell or a fungal cell.

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A globular or rod-shaped organelle that has its own genome and is responsible for generating most of the cell’s supply of adenosine triphosphate through the process of cellular respiration. This is why it is considered a mitochondrion

Greek for mithos, thread, and chondrion, little granule. Synonym: chondriosome. Related type: mitochondrial (adjective of, or pertaining to, mitochondria). See also:

Now that we know the basics and how to identify a mitochondrion, let’s move forward and decipher the origin and evolution of this organelle…

Before we delve into the theories and hypotheses surrounding the origin of mitochondria, let’s answer some basic questions and concerns about this amazing organelle.

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In fact, mitochondria are found in most eukaryotic cells. The exact origin and evolution of mitochondria remains a mystery to mankind. However, there are two hypotheses that try to explain the origin of mitochondria.

This is, by far, the most widely accepted hypothesis. According to it, modern mitochondria are derived from a free-living aerobic prokaryotic organism, probably

. A pre-eukaryotic ancestral cell engulfed a bacterium that survived endocytosis and formed a symbiotic relationship. In the course of evolution, the ingested bacterium lost its cell wall and most of its DNA that was not useful to the host cell. The hypothesis is supported by the general similarities between bacteria and mitochondria.

According to this theory, modern mitochondria arose from functional clustering of the core genomic DNA and subsequent compartmentalization due to invagination of the cell membrane.

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Mitochondria may have evolved from primitive bacteria that became so symbiotic with eukaryotic cells that they became indispensable energy-giving structures within eukaryotic cells (endosymbiotic theory). However, there are eukaryotes that do not have mitochondria.

The first eukaryotic species found to lack mitochondria. It obtains energy by metabolizing nutrients from the environment. READ: The prokaryotic ancestor of mitochondria: on the hunt

Figure 4: Electron micrograph showing the spherical shape of mitochondria isolated from muscle tissue. Photo credit: Rice University.

Mitochondria are small organelles, usually round to oval and 0.75-3 µm² in size. It is a double membrane organelle found in the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells. Double membranes make mitochondria similar to other organelles such as the nucleus and plastids. The number and shape can vary depending on the type of cell.

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The structure of mitochondria can be divided into five main components. The following list describes the different parts of mitochondria.

From the cytosol. It is similar in composition to the plasma membrane in that both are composed of a phospholipid bilayer and contain many embedded proteins and enzymes. Permeates small molecules <1000 kDa. It has a key regulatory role in programmed cell death.

— a small space between the outer and inner mitochondrial membrane. It plays an important role in protein and ion transport, assembly of inner membrane proteins, and cellular respiration. It contains protons that are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space during the redox reactions of the electron transport chain.

The inner membrane of mitochondria is larger than the outer membrane. It forms numerous folds to accommodate the outer membrane, giving it a wrinkled appearance when viewed under an electron microscope. It is a major site of oxidative phosphorylation because it contains complexes of the electron transport chain. Unlike the outer mitochondrial membrane, the inner mitochondrial membrane is highly impermeable and does not contain porins. This allows the inner mitochondrial membrane to maintain the proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis.

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. These crystals are packed with electron transport chain proteins and help maximize surface area for oxidative phosphorylation reactions. Cells with higher ATP/energy demands have more crystals in their mitochondria.

The space enclosed within the inner mitochondrial membrane is the mitochondrial matrix. It contains multiple copies of mitochondrial DNA and various metabolic enzymes. One of the most important metabolic cycles, ie, the Krebs cycle (also known as the TKA cycle) occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.

Mitochondria consist of outer and inner membranes, the intermembrane space (the space between the membranes), the cristae (inside the inner membrane), and the matrix (the space within the inner membrane). The outer membrane contains several porins that form channels through which certain molecules can freely diffuse. Unlike the outer membrane, the inner membrane does not contain

Entering or exiting the mitochondrial matrix. Crystals with inner membrane folds increase ATP production and increase surface area. The matrix contains enzymes, mitoribosomes, tRNA and DNA.

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Mitochondria are unique in their existence because they contain their own physically and transcriptionally distinct genome. There are basically six different types of mitochondrial DNA that exist in different species. Humanity includes

. Mitochondria of humans and most animals have small genomes of around 16 kb. Yeast and plants have mitochondrial genomes of 80 kb and 200 kb, respectively. However, these larger genomes do not necessarily contain more genetic information.

In most organisms, including humans, mitochondrial DNA is thought to be inherited only from the mother. However, according to the study, there were rare cases

, the mother or female is the biological ancestor of all humans. Paternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA has also been observed in other forms, but their exact role and significance is controversial.

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Mitochondrial DNA is genetically distinct from nuclear DNA. Because mitochondria contain their own genetic material and are capable of producing their own RNAs and proteins, they are said to be semi-autonomous, self-replicating structures. In fact, mitochondrial DNA has become an important tool in tracking genetic history because the genetic material exists in only one copy and does not recombine during reproduction.

Mitochondrial DNA transcription and replication are different from nuclear DNA. Mitochondrial DNA encodes most of its replication machinery. Mitochondrial DNA replication is carried out by its own specificity

Encoded by the POLG gene. Unlike nuclear DNA transcription, mitochondrial DNA transcription does not follow the genetic code. It is highlighted in the table below

Of mitochondrial DNA and genetic code. Some examples of mitochondrial codon variations from universal codons can be seen here.

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Mitochondria play a role in many important cellular functions, some of which are listed below.

Mitochondria are tiny organelles that cannot be seen under normal microscopy unless they are specifically stained. The number, size, and shape of mitochondria in a cell can vary greatly depending on the type of organism, cell type, and cell function. They are dynamic organelles that rapidly undergo cycles of fusion and division to adapt to cellular demands. The fusion of two different mitochondria is called fusion, and the splitting of mitochondria is called fission. The total mitochondrial population of a cell is called a chondrioma. They often form complex networks interconnected by the cytoskeleton of the cell. They are always distributed along microtubules and are often associated with the endoplasmic reticulum.

Figure 8: Chondrioma of a cell stained with a specific red fluorescent protein. Photo credit: Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz and Kasturi Mitra – Cooper 8th Edition Chapter 13, Page #428

The diversity of mitochondrial structure and distribution in different organisms and cell types can be understood by the following examples:

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What types of human cells have the most mitochondria? Mitochondria generate large amounts of energy through the oxidative phosphorylation of organic molecules during cellular respiration. They are able to use glucose and oxygen to produce energy (and release carbon dioxide and water in the process) in many metabolic processes. Thus, it is not surprising to find few mitochondria in cells with high energy demands, such as muscle cells.

All cells are present

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