What Is The Role Of Ribosomes In Protein Synthesis – A new study using human cell lines provides insight into how cues embedded in mRNA messages affect mRNA levels, mRNA stability and protein production in a translation-dependent manner. Credit: Bazzini Lab

Stowers Institute for Medical Research researchers have discovered a new function of ribosomes in human cells that shows the role of protein-making cells in destroying healthy mRNAs, the messages that decode DNA into protein.

What Is The Role Of Ribosomes In Protein Synthesis

“For a long time, most people viewed ribosomes as passive players in the cell—a molecular machine that simply produces proteins,” said Stowers Assistant Investigator Ariel Bazzini, Ph.D. “There is now increasing evidence that ribosomes regulate gene expression, including in human cells.”

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The findings, recently published online in eLife , may lead to further understanding of the role of mRNA and the causes of genetic misregulation in human diseases.

In the process of translation, ribosomes make proteins by serving as the site for their biosynthesis. Specifically, a ribosome reads codons—consecutive sets of three nucleotides—in an mRNA message to determine which amino acids to add to the growing protein chain. As part of this process, ribosomes also act as quality control, triggering the destruction of improperly prepared mRNA.

Increasing evidence shows that ribosomes also play a role in influencing the stability (lifetime) of properly processed mRNAs, thereby acting as a key factor in modulating mRNA stability, mRNA level, and protein production. This has been shown in organisms such as yeast, E. coli and zebrafish. In this study, the researchers showed that ribosomes affect mRNA stability in human cell lines.

“We see that gene expression is a combination of overall mRNA production (transcription) and stability,” Bazzini said. “Think of a glass of water. To get an idea of ​​how much water is in the glass at a given time, it’s important to first know how much water you put in the glass, but it’s also important to know how much water you’re drinking. The same is true with mRNAs. You can measure how many mRNAs are made correctly, but If you don’t know how many are breaking down, how do you really know how many are there?”

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These findings open the door to two exciting avenues of research, Bazzini said. The first is to better understand how ribosomes induce mRNA decay, the molecular mechanism of which is still unknown. Ribosomes may not be the passive players researchers have long thought them to be.

“Like ribosomes, molecules called tRNAs or transfer RNAs are also primarily involved in protein synthesis,” said Qishuang Wu, first author on the report and a Stowers predoctoral researcher. “We think that tRNAs, which recognize codons in mRNA and deliver the corresponding amino acids to ribosomes, may have a strong regulatory role in development and human diseases.”

A second research avenue is looking at how this newly discovered regulatory molecular mechanism relates to genes associated with human diseases. Sequencing of human genomes shows that individuals sometimes have a “silent mutation,” a change in DNA sequence and codon that does not change the resulting amino acid makeup of a protein, because many amino acids are coded for by multiple codons. However, a silent mutation can still have an effect if it leads to ribosomes that destroy healthy mRNA.

“One of the most fundamental concepts in biology is how genes are regulated and how those regulations make cells specialized. We’re interested in studying how post-transcriptional mechanisms work, and in particular how ribosomes trigger mRNA degradation—how they induce it. Or recruit factors to carry out this process.” ” said Bazzini. “Understanding how translation affects mRNA expression at the molecular level may begin to shed light on how mRNA translation shapes gene expression in cancer, aging or viral infection.”

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Citation: More than a protein factory: The role of ribosomes in regulating human gene expression (2019, May 24) Retrieved 21 September 2023 from https:///news/2019-05-protein-factory-role-ribosomes-human.html

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This site uses cookies to assist with navigation, analyze your use of our services, collect data for advertising personalization, and deliver content from third parties. By using our site, you agree that you have read and understand our privacy policy and terms of use. Ribosomes are cellular structures present in large numbers in all living cells that serve as sites of protein synthesis. In prokaryotes, they are free floating in the cytoplasm, while in eukaryotes they are free or bound to the outer layer of the endoplasmic reticulum. They are also found in mitochondria and chloroplast of eukaryotic cell.

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Their location in the cell determines what proteins it makes. Ribosomes are found throughout the cell cytosol in a free-floating form or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. Proteins synthesized from free ribosomes are used inside the cell, while those anchored on the outer surface of the endoplasmic reticulum are primarily exported. In an animal or human cell, many ribosomes are attached to a single mRNA strand; This structure is called a polysome.

They are made and packaged in the nucleolus, a small dense region of the nucleus, by a process called ribosome biogenesis.

The number of ribosomes in a cell depends on cellular activity. On average, in a mammalian cell, there may be about 10 million ribosomes. In bacteria

Structurally it looks like a small hamburger bun with two subparts: a large (top bun) and a small (bottom bun).

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They are remarkable for their uniformity in size and shape. Ribosomes found in higher plant and animal cells are oblate or spherical in shape, ranging from 150 to 200 A in diameter.

. The exact size of ribosomes varies depending on the cell type and whether the cell is resting or engaged in cell division. Both free and bound forms are not membrane-enclosed.

They are organelles composed of specialized RNA called ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and dozens of different proteins, also known as ribonucleoproteins. A ribosome consists of about 37 to 62% RNA and the rest is protein.

When viewed under an electron microscope, ribosomal proteins and rRNAs are arranged into two distinct ribosomal fragments of different sizes, commonly known as the large and small subunits of the ribosome. The two subunits together form a complete organ. Both subdivisions are classified based on their sedimentation constant, measured in the Swedberg unit (S). It is a measure of the sedimentation rate of a particle based on its size, shape and density.

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Also known as the protein-making unit of the cell, the main function of the ribosome is to serve as the site where amino acids are assembled to produce proteins. The process of protein synthesis is commonly called translation.

Another important role of ribosomes, where it acts as a catalyst for intermediate chemical reactions of protein synthesis:

Almost every biological activity requires protein, including growth and metabolism, cell division and repair, and therefore, ribosomes are essential for the survival of organisms. A cell without a ribosome cannot synthesize proteins and subsequently dies immediately.

Answer Ribosomes were observed as dense particles or particles in the mid-1950s by Romanian-American cell biologist George Emil Palade using an electron microscope. The term ‘ribosome’ was proposed by Richard B. Roberts and is derived from the word ‘ribonucleic acid’ and the Latin word ‘som’ meaning ‘body’.

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Answer Transcription is the process that immediately precedes protein synthesis. Transcription is the process of copying DNA into messenger RNA or mRNA.

Answer The nucleolus in the nucleus synthesizes ribosome subunits that assemble into a complete organelle. The nucleus then supplies the mRNA to ribosomes that aid in protein synthesis.

Answer Ribosomes receive instructions for protein assembly from messenger RNA. mRNA is made of a sequence of RNA nucleotides derived from DNA (transcription) that contains the information to make a protein (translation).

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