What Is The Role Of Ribosomes In Protein Production – A new study using human cell lines provides insight into how instructions embedded in mRNA messages can affect mRNA levels, mRNA stability, and protein production in a translation-dependent manner. Credit: Bazzini Lab

Researchers from the Stowers Institute for Medical Research have discovered a new function of ribosomes in human cells that may indicate the protein-making particle’s role in destroying healthy mRNAs, the messages that decode DNA into protein.

What Is The Role Of Ribosomes In Protein Production

“For a long time, many people have seen ribosomes as a passive player in the cell – a molecular machine that only produces proteins,” said Stowers Assistant Researcher Ariel Bazzini, Ph.D. “There is now increasing evidence that ribosomes regulate gene expression, including in human cells.”

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These findings, recently published online in eLife, could lead to further understanding of the role of mRNA and the causes of gene misregulation in human diseases.

In the process of translation, ribosomes make proteins by serving as the site for their biological synthesis. Specifically, a ribosome reads codons – sets of three consecutive nucleotides – in an mRNA message to decide which amino acids to add to the growing protein chain. As part of this process, ribosomes also act as quality control, triggering the destruction of improperly made mRNA.

A growing body of evidence has shown that ribosomes also play a role in affecting the stability (lifetime) of correctly processed mRNAs, thereby acting as a key factor in modulating mRNA stability, mRNA level, and protein production. This had been demonstrated in organisms such as yeast, E. coli, and zebrafish. In this study, researchers showed that ribosomes affect mRNA stability in human cell lines as well.

“We see that the amount of gene expression is a combination of mRNA production (transcription) and stability,” said Bazzini. “Think of a glass of water. To get an idea of ​​how much water the glass holds at any given time, it is important to know how much water you pour into the glass to begin with but also important to know how much water you drink. Same with mRNAs. You can accurately measure how many mRNAs are being made, but if you don’t know how many are being cut down, how do you really know how much there is?”

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These findings open the door to two exciting avenues of research, says Bazzini. The first is to better understand how ribosomes trigger mRNA destruction, the molecular mechanism of which is still unknown. Ribosomes may not be the passive players researchers have long thought them to be.

“Similar to ribosomes, molecules called tRNAs, or transfer RNAs, are also fundamentally involved in protein synthesis,” said first author of the report and Stowers Foresight Researcher Qiushuang Wu. “We think that tRNAs, which recognize codons in mRNA and provide corresponding amino acids to ribosomes, may have a strong regulatory role in development and in human diseases.”

The second line of research looks at how this newly discovered regulatory molecular mechanism may be linked to genes associated with human disease. Sequencing of human genomes has shown that individuals sometimes have a “silent mutation,” a change in DNA sequence and codon that does not change the amino acid composition of the resulting protein, since many amino acids are coded for by codons multiple However, the silent mutation may still have an effect if it results in ribosomes destroying healthy mRNA.

“One of the most fundamental concepts of biology is how genes are regulated and how those regulations drive cells to become specialized. We are interested in studying how post-transcriptional mechanisms work and , specifically, how ribosomes trigger the destruction of mRNA – how they trigger. or recruit factors to carry out this process,” said Bazzini. “Understanding how translation affects mRNA expression at a molecular level allows us to begin to think about how mRNA translation might shape gene expression in cancer, aging, or viral infection.”

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Cite: More than a protein factory: Role of ribosomes in regulating human gene expression (2019, May 24) retrieved 26 October 2023 from https://news/2019-05-protein-factory-role-ribosomes-human.html

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A biological cell is made up of many components called organelles. These organelles fulfill their specific purposes to make the cell a healthy living unit. An

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. According to that definition, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and chloroplast (plastid) fall under the category of organelles, but lysosomes, vacuoles, ribosomes and nucleosomes may not because they lack a lipid bilayer of’ such. Lysosomes and vacuoles are bound by a single membrane while ribosomes and nucleosomes do not have a surrounding membrane.

There is another way we can classify cell organelles. An organelle is a specialized subunit inside the cell that

Organelle ribosome, nucleosome, spliceosome, vault, proteasome, DNA polymerase III holoenzyme, RNA polymerase II holoenzyme, photosystem I, ATP synthase, centriole, microtubule organizing center, cytoskeleton, flagellum, nucleus, stress granule,

Now that we know the basic classification of cell organelles, let’s move on and learn about ribosomes in detail, which is the main topic of this article. We will answer some common questions and doubts about the topic as well, so keep reading…

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Is a minute and spherical cytoplasmic structure. It consists of protein and ribonucleic acid (RNA). As the famous analogy of ribosomes to factories suggests, they serve as a site of protein synthesis; protein factories.

With his electron microscope. He discovered these cell organelles which are the protein factories inside a cell. In 1958, the term “ribosome” was proposed by the scientist Richard B. Roberts.

Figure 1: George E. Palade, the scientist who discovered the ribosomes inside a living cell, won the prestigious Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1974. Image Credit: Nobelprize.org.

Figure 2: Richard B. Roberts was the scientist who called the organelle “ribosomes” in 1958. Image Credit: NASonline.

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Figure 3: The “central dogma” of life governs the translation of genetic code from DNA to RNA to proteins. The process of converting DNA to RNA is called transcription and the process of converting RNA into proteins with the help of ribosomes in a cell is called translation. Image Credit: MolBioReview.

Now that we know how to define ribosomes and are clear about the basic information, let’s move on and learn about some details.

There are several opinions and theoretical theories on the origin of ribosomes. There is no one definitive, full, evidence-supported theory for the origin of ribosomes. Still, the best explanation provided so far resonates with many scientists. Some suggestions for the theory are:

Figure 5: Electron micrograph of a limited field in the basal region of an acinar cell in the pancreas of rats. cell membrane cm, m-mitochondria, g- particles in the cytoplasmic matrix that have a special affinity for the ER membrane. This ribosome image shows the granular bodies very clearly. Image Credit: Palade GE, 1955.

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Ribosomes consist of two basic components as discussed earlier: ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and ribosomal proteins (R-proteins). There are different types of proteins and their numbers vary from species to species. These 2 components are arranged in different compositions in 2 different ribosomal units.

The two ribosomal subunits fit together and work as one to build proteins according to the genetic sequence held within the messenger RNA (mRNA). Ribosomes usually consist of two subunits: the

. They join as one when translating; together, they catalyze the translation of mRNA into a polypeptide chain during protein synthesis, and since their active sites are made of RNA, ribosomes are also referred to as “ribosomes.”

Figure 6: The picture depicts a 70S Ribosome from a prokaryotic E. coli. The large subunit is red here (50S) and the small unit is blue here (30S) are the 2 subunits that make up the ribosome. Image Credit: Vossman, licensed by CC.

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Represented by the Svedberg unit (S). The S units do not add up as they represent measurements of sedimentation rate, not mass.

Figure 8: Plastoribosomes and mitoribosomes in various different prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Image Credit: ETH Zurich, The Ban Lab.

. Scientists and pharmaceutical industries treat these differences as avenues for creating drugs that will specifically target the prokaryotic 70S ribosomes of the pathogenic agent’s cells but will not affect the eukaryotic 80S ribosomes of the patient’s cells.

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