What Is The Purpose Of Dehydration Synthesis – 4 Forming Polymers Dehydration Synthesis – joining monomers to form polymers by losing water De = out or losing Hydro=water Synthesis = forming a polymer “removing water makes a bond”

5 Breaking down Polymers Hydrolysis – breaking down polymers into monomers by adding water Hydro = water Lysis = breaking “adding water breaks the bond”

What Is The Purpose Of Dehydration Synthesis

Fig. 5-5 1–4 glycosidic linkage Glucose Glucose Maltose (a) Dehydration reaction in maltose synthesis 1–4 glycosidic linkage Figure 5.5 Examples of disaccharide synthesis Glucose Fructose Sucrose (b) Dehydration reaction in sucrose synthesis

Helicobacter Pylori Fabx Contains A [4fe 4s] Cluster Essential For Unsaturated Fatty Acid Synthesis

Carbohydrates include sugars and polymers of sugars The simplest carbohydrates are monosaccharides, or single sugars Carbohydrate macromolecules are polysaccharides, polymers made up of many sugar building blocks Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

15 Sugar Monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are usually multiples of CH2O C H O 1:2:1 Glucose (C6H12O6) is the most common monosaccharide Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Glucose + fructose = sucrose (table sugar) Glucose + galactose = lactose (milk sugar) Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

17 Polysaccharides Polysaccharides, polymers of sugars, have a storage role and structure The structure and function of a polysaccharide is determined by its sugar monomers and the positions of the glycosidic linkages Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Where Does A Chemical Bond Form When A Dipeptide Is Synthesized?

Starch, the ultimate polysaccharide of plants, consists entirely of glucose monomers Plants store starch as granules within chloroplasts and other plastids

Humans and other vertebrates store glycogen mainly in liver and muscle cells

The polysaccharide cellulose is the main component of the strong wall of plant cells. Like starch, cellulose is a polymer of sugars, but the carbon 1, 4 bonds are different.

Figure 5-7bc (b) Starch: 1–4 linkages of  glucose monomers Figure 5.7 Starch and cellulose structures (c) Cellulose: 1–4 linkages of  glucose monomers

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Figure 5-8 Cell walls Cellulose microfibrils in plant cell wall Microfibril 10 µm 0.5 µm Cellulose molecules Figure 5.8 Cellulose arrangement in plant cell walls Glucose monomer

Enzymes that digest starch by hydrolyzing  cannot break the bond in cellulose Cellulose in human food passes through the digestive tract as insoluble fiber Some bacteria use enzymes to digest cellulose Many herbivores, from cows to termites, have a symbiotic relationship with these organisms. Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Chitin also provides structural support for the cell walls of many fungi Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Figure 5-10 (a) Structure of chitin monomer. (b) Chitin forms the exoskeletons of arthropods and is found in the cell walls of fungi. (c) Chitin is used to make surgical thread strong and flexible. Figure 5.10 Chitin, a structural polysaccharide

Dehydration Synthesis & Hydrolysis

Lipids are one class of large biological molecules that do not form polymers. 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

29 Fats Fats are made up of two types of small molecules: glycerol and fatty acids Glycerol is a three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl (-OH) group attached to each carbon A fatty acid contains a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon and hydrogen chain Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 5-11b Ester linkage Figure 5.11 Synthesis and formation of fat, or triacylglycerol (b) Fat molecule (triacylglycerol)

See the notes page for information on saturated vs. unsaturated fats and follow along. Fatty acids differ in length (number of carbons) and in the number and locations of double bonds.

The Dehydration Synthesis Reaction

Fats made of saturated fatty acids are called saturated fats, and are solid at room temperature Most animal fats are saturated Fats made of unsaturated fatty acids are called unsaturated fats, and are liquid at room temperature Vegetable oils and fish oils are usually free © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Humans and other mammals store their fat in adipose cells. Adipose tissue also supports vital organs and protects the body. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

35 Phospholipids In a phospholipid, two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to glycerol. (“water-loving”) © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Figure 5-13 Choline Head Hydrophilic Phosphate Glycerol Know this diagram: Fatty acids Hydrophobic tails Hydrophilic head Figure 5.13 Structure of phospholipid Hydrophobic tails (a) Structural formula (b) Space-filling model (c) Symbol of Phospholipid

Mechanistic Understanding Of The Catalytic Hydrogenation Of Bio Derived Aromatics

Figure 5-14 Draw a labeled picture of the cell membrane (outside the cell) Hydrophilic head WATER Figure 5.14 Bilayer structure formed by self-assembly of phospholipids in an aqueous environment Hydrophobic tail (Cytoplasm of cell) WATER

38 Steroids Steroids are lipids characterized by a carbon framework consisting of four fused rings Cholesterol, an important steroid, is part of animal cell membranes Although cholesterol is important in animals, high levels in the blood may contribute to cardiovascular disease For the Cell Biology Video Space-Filling Model of Cholesterol, go to Animation and Video Files. For the Cell Biology Video Stick Model of Cholesterol, go to Animations and Video Files. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 5-15 Steroids Draw only rings in Orange to represent steroids. Figure 5.15 Cholesterol, the steroid Cholesterol

8. Proteins have many structures, resulting in a wide range of functions Proteins comprise more than 50% of the dry weight of most cells Protein functions include structural support, storage, transport, cellular communication, movement, and defense against foreign substances, & ENNYMES Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Solved] I Need Help On This Question. Which Reaction Represents A…

12. Enzymes are a type of protein that acts as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions. Enzymes can do their jobs over and over again, acting as workhorses that drive life processes. Enzymes have a specific shape Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 5-16 Substrate (sucrose) Glucose Enzyme (sucrase) OH H2O Fructose Figure 5.16 Catalytic cycle of the enzyme H O

45 2. Polypeptides Polypeptides are made up of the same set of 20 amino acids A protein consists of one or more polypeptides Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

46 (1, 2, 3) Amino Acid Monomers Amino acids are organic molecules with carboxyl (-COOH) and amino groups (NH2) COOH and NH2 are functional groups and make the molecule an amino acid . Amino acids differ in structure because of variations in their side chains, called R groups Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Dehydration Synthesis During Peptide Bond Formation Involves Loss Of Which Molecule

Figure 5-17 Nonpolar 4. These are amino acids. There are 20. They join together with peptide bonds to form all proteins! Glycine (Gly or G) Alanine (Ala or A) Valine (Val or V) Leucine (Leu or L) Isoleucine (Ile or I) Methionine (Met or M) Phenylalanine (Phe or F) Trypotphan (Trp or W) Proline (Pro or P) Polar Serine (Ser or S) Threonine (Thr or T) Cysteine ​​(Cys or C) Tyrosine (Tyr or Y) -Asparagine (Asn or N) Glutamine (Gln or Q) Figure 5.17 20 amino acids of proteins Electrically charged Acidic Basic Aspartic acid (Asp or D) Glutamic acid (Glu or E) Lysine (Lys or K) Arginine (Arg or R) Histidine (His or H)

50 Amino Acid Polymers Amino acids are linked by special complementary bonds called peptide bonds A polypeptide is a polymer of amino acids Each polypeptide has a unique sequence of amino acids Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

A functional protein consists of one or more polypeptides that are twisted, folded, and assembled into a unique structure Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Figure 5-19 Shape determines the function of Groove Groove Figure 5.19 Structure of the protein, enzyme lysozyme (a) Ribbon model of lysozyme (b) Space-filling model of lysozyme

Solved This Reaction Is Often Used To Combine Monomers Into

The sequence of amino acids determines the three-dimensional structure of a protein The shape of a protein determines its function Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

What Determines Protein Structure? Remember these things about the liver lab In addition to the primary structure, physical and chemical conditions can affect the structure Changes in pH, salinity, temperature, or other environmental factors can cause the protein to unfold This loss of structure or shape of the protein is called denaturation A. the protein’s denatured not biologically active Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

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