What Is The Percentage Of Co2 In The Air – The Earth’s atmosphere is resilient to many of the changes humans have imposed on it. But, according to atmospheric scientist David Crisp of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, that doesn’t necessarily mean our society is.

“The resilience of Earth’s atmosphere has been proven throughout our planet’s history,” said Crisp, science team leader for NASA’s Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) satellite and its successor instrument, OCO-3, launched to the International Space Station. on May 4. “Humans have increased the abundance of carbon dioxide by 45 percent since the start of the industrial age. This causes big changes in our environment, but at the same time it’s not going to lead to a runaway greenhouse effect or anything like that. So our atmosphere will survive, but, as UCLA professor and Pulitzer Prize-winning author Jared Diamond suggests, even the most advanced societies may be more fragile than the atmosphere.

What Is The Percentage Of Co2 In The Air

NASA’s OCO-3 instrument sits on the large shaking table (known as the “shaker”) in the environmental testing laboratory at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Thermal blankets were then added to the instrument at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center, where a Space-X Dragon capsule carrying OCO-3 was launched on a Falcon 9 rocket to the space station on May 4, 2019. Credit: NASA /JPL-Caltech

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Changes in our atmosphere associated with reactive gases (gases that undergo chemical reactions) like ozone and ozone-forming chemicals like nitrogen oxides are relatively short-lived. Carbon dioxide, however, is a different animal. Once added to the atmosphere, it stays there for a long time: between 300 and 1,000 years. So as humans change the atmosphere by emitting carbon dioxide, these changes will persist for many human lifetimes.

Earth’s atmosphere is associated with many types of cycles, such as the carbon cycle and the water cycle. Crisp says that although our atmosphere is very stable, these cycles are not.

“Humanity’s ability to thrive depends on these other planetary cycles and processes operating as they do now,” he said. “Thanks to detailed observations of our planet from space, over the past 30 years we have seen some pretty alarming changes: changes in precipitation patterns, in where and how plants grow, in sea ice and terrestrial, in entire ecosystems like the tropics. Rainforests. These changes should attract our attention.

“One could argue that because the atmosphere is so thin, the activity of 7.7 billion humans can actually make significant changes to the entire system,” he added. “The composition of the Earth’s atmosphere has certainly changed. Half of the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations over the past 300 years has occurred since 1980, and a quarter since 2000. Methane concentrations have increased 2.5 times since the beginning of the era. industrial, and almost all of this increase has occurred since 1980. So the changes are coming faster and becoming more significant.

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The concentration of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere currently stands at nearly 412 parts per million (ppm) and continues to rise. This represents a 47 percent increase since the start of the industrial era, when the concentration was near 280 ppm, and an 11 percent increase since 2000, when it was near 370 ppm. Crisp points out that scientists know that the increase in carbon dioxide is primarily caused by human activities, because the carbon produced by burning fossil fuels has a different ratio of heavy to light carbon atoms, leaving a ” distinct “footprint” that the instruments can measure. A relative decline in the amount of heavy carbon-13 isotopes in the atmosphere indicates the existence of fossil fuel sources. Burning fossil fuels also depletes oxygen and lowers the oxygen-to-nitrogen ratio in the atmosphere.

A graph showing the steadily increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (in parts per million) observed at NOAA’s Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii over the course of 60 years. Greenhouse gas measurements began in 1959. Credit: NOAA

OCO-2, launched in July 2014, brings together global measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide with the resolution, precision and coverage needed to understand how this important greenhouse gas – the main human-produced driver of change – moves through the Earth system on a regional scale. and how it changes over time. From its vantage point in space, OCO-2 makes around 100,000 measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide every day.

Artist’s rendering of NASA’s Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO)-2 in orbit over the Upper Great Plains of the United States. Credit: NASA-JPL/Caltech

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Crisp says OCO-2 has already provided new information about the processes that emit carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and those that absorb it.

Map of the most persistent carbon dioxide ” anomalies ” observed by OCO-2 (i.e. where carbon dioxide is always consistently higher or lower than in surrounding areas). Positive anomalies are most likely to be sources of carbon dioxide, while negative anomalies are more likely to be sinks or reservoirs of carbon dioxide. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

“For as long as we can remember, we have considered Earth’s tropical rainforests to be the ‘lungs’ of our planet,” he said. “Most scientists considered them to be the primary location for absorption and storage of carbon dioxide in the Earth system, with Earth’s northern boreal forests playing a secondary role. But this is not what our data confirms. We are seeing that Earth’s tropical regions are a net source of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, at least since 2009. This is changing our understanding.

Measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide in the tropics are consistently higher than everything around them, and scientists don’t know why, Crisp said. OCO-2 and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency’s SATellite (GOSAT) Greenhouse Gas Observation Program track plant growth in the tropics by observing solar-induced fluorescence (SIF) of chlorophyll Plant. SIF is an indicator of the rate at which plants convert sunlight and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into chemical energy.

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“We find that plant respiration exceeds their ability to absorb carbon dioxide,” he said. “It happens everywhere in the tropics, and almost all the time. When we first launched OCO-2, our first two years of on-orbit operations took place during a severe El Niño event, which had a significant impact on global carbon dioxide emissions. We now have more than five years of data and we see that the tropics are always a source (of carbon dioxide), every season. In fact, the only time we see significant carbon dioxide uptake in the tropics is in Africa, in June, July and August. So that’s half the story.

The last El Niño in 2015-2016 impacted the amount of carbon dioxide that Earth’s tropical regions released into the atmosphere, leading to the recent record spike in atmospheric carbon dioxide on Earth. The effects of El Nino were different in each region. Credit: NASA-JPL/Caltech

“The other half is also very interesting,” he added. “We find that northern mid- and high-latitude rainforests are becoming increasingly better at absorbing carbon dioxide over time. A possible explanation for this is that the growing season is lengthening. Things that didn’t grow well at high latitudes grow better, and things that previously grew well there grow longer. We see this in our dataset. We find that the high southern latitudes of South America – the so-called South American cone – are also powerful carbon absorbers. We don’t know if it has always been this way and if our previous understandings were incomplete or wrong, or if the change has increased the intensity of the growing season. So we’ve established a new baseline, and it seems to be somewhat of a paradigm shift. Our spatial measurements are beginning to change our understanding of how the carbon cycle works and provide new tools to allow us to monitor future changes in response to change.

Crisp says OCO-2, OCO-3 and other new satellites provide us with new tools to understand how, where and how much carbon dioxide human activities emit into the atmosphere and how these emissions interact with cycles natural resources of the Earth. “We are getting a more precise picture of these processes,” he said.

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The impacts of agricultural activities also appear to be changing, he says. During the summer in the upper Midwest of the United States, scientists note an intense absorption of carbon dioxide associated with agricultural activities. The same is observed in East and South Asia. High uptake of carbon dioxide across China wipes out virtually all fossil fuel emissions along the coast, with central China now functioning as a net absorber of carbon dioxide during the growing season. Through the development of large, sophisticated computer models combined with wind and other measurements, we are able to quantify these changes for the first time.

In response to the rapid changes observed in carbon dioxide concentrations and their potential impact on our planet, 33 global space agencies, including participants from the United States, Europe, Japan and China, are now working together to develop a global greenhouse gas monitoring system. which could be implemented as early as the late 2020s, Crisp added. The system would include a series of spacecraft making coordinated measurements to monitor these changes. Key

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