What Is The Path Of Protein Synthesis – This amazing work of art (Figure 5.7.1) shows a process that takes place in the cells of all living things: the production of proteinsno post. This process is called protein synthesis, and it actually consists of two processes –

, where translation occurs. During translation, the genetic code in mRNA is read and used to make a polypeptide. These two processes are summarized by the central dogma of molecular biology: DNA → RNA → protein.

What Is The Path Of Protein Synthesis

Transcription is the first part of the central dogma of molecular biology: DNA → RNA. It is the transfer of genetic instructions in DNA to mRNA. During transcription, a strand of mRNA is made to complement a strand of DNA. You can see how this happens in Figure 5.7.2.

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Figure 5.7.2 Transcription uses the sequence of bases in one strand of DNA to make a complementary strand of mRNA. Triplets are groups of three successive nucleotide bases in DNA. Codons are complementary groups of bases in mRNA.

Transcription begins when the enzyme RNA polymerase binds to a region of a gene called the promoter sequence. This signals the DNA to unwind so the enzyme can “read” the DNA’s base. The two strands of DNA are named based on whether or not they are used as a template for RNA. The strand used as a template is called the template strand, or may also be called the ntisense strand. The sequence of bases on the opposite strand of DNA is called the non-coding or sense strand. Once the DNA is opened, and the RNA polymerase is attached, the RNA polymerase moves along the DNA, adding RNA nucleotides to the growing mRNA strand. The template strand of DNA is used to create mRNA by complementary base pairing. When the mRNA strand is complete, it separates from the DNA. The result is a strand of mRNA that is almost identical to the encoded strand of DNA – the only difference is that the DNA uses the base thymine, and the mRNA uses uracil in place of thymine

Is not yet ready for translation. At this stage it is called pre-mRNA, and it must go through more processing before it leaves the nucleus as mature mRNA. Processing may include splicing, editing and polyadenylation. These processes modify the mRNA in different ways. Such modifications allow a single gene to be used to make more than one protein.

Translation is the second part of the central dogma of molecular biology: RNA → protein. It is the process in which the genetic code and

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After transcription in the nucleus, the mRNA exits through a nuclear pore and enters the cytoplasm. In the region on the mRNA that contains the methylated head and the start codon, the small and large subunits of the ribosome bind to the mRNA. These are then joined by a tRNA that contains the anticodons that match the start codon on the mRNA. This group of molecules (mRNA, ribosome, tRNA) is called an initiation complex.

TRNA continues to add amino acids to the growing polypeptide after complementary base pairing between the codons on the mRNA and the anticodons on the tRNA. As a tRNA moves into the ribosome, its amino acid is transferred to the growing polypeptide. When this transfer is complete, the tRNA leaves the ribosome, the ribosome moves one codon length down the mRNA, and a new tRNA enters with its corresponding amino acid. This process repeats itself and the polypeptide grows.

At the end of the mRNA coding is a stop codon that ends the elongation stage. The stop codon does not call for a tRNA, but instead for a type of protein called a release factor, which will cause the entire complex (mRNA, ribosome, tRNA and polypeptide) to break apart, releasing all the components.

After a polypeptide chain is synthesized, it may undergo additional processes. For example, it can take on a folded shape due to interactions between its amino acids. It can also bind with other polypeptides or with different types of molecules, such as

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How proteins are made by Nicolle Rager, National Science Foundation on Wikimedia Commons is released into the public domain (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain).

Transcript from the National Human Genome Research Institute, (revised and vectorized by Sulai) on Wikimedia Commons is released into the public domain (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain).

Parker, N., Schneegurt, M., Thi Tu, A-H., Lister, P., Forster, B.M. (2016, November 1). Microbiology [online]. Figure 11.15 Translation in bacteria begins with the formation of the initiation complex. In the

The process by which DNA is copied (transcribed) into mRNA to transfer the information needed for protein synthesis.

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Deoxyribonucleic acid – the molecule that carries genetic instructions for the development, function, growth and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses.

A large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression.

A large complex of RNA and protein that acts as a site of RNA translation, building proteins ​​​​from amino acids using messenger RNA as a template.

The jellylike material that makes up much of a cell’s cell membrane, and in eukaryotic cells surrounds the nucleus. The organelles of eukaryotic cells, such as mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum, and (in green plants) chloroplasts, are contained in the cytoplasm.

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A nucleic acid of which many different types are now known, including messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA.

A class of biological molecules consisting of linked monomers of amino acids and which are the most versatile macromolecules in living systems and serve crucial functions in essentially all biological processes.

The addition of a poly(A) tail to a messenger RNA. The poly(A) tail consists of multiple adenosine monophosphates.

A sequence of 3 DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds to a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis.

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A small RNA molecule that participates in protein synthesis. Each tRNA molecule has two important domains: an anticodon and a region for attaching a specific amino acid.

A substance that is insoluble in water. Examples include fats, oils and cholesterol. Lipids are made from monomers such as glycerol and fatty acids.

A biomolecule consists of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen-oxygen atom ratio of 2:1. Complex carbohydrates are polymers made from monomers of simple carbohydrates, also called monosaccharides.

A membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells consisting of a series of flattened stacked pouches with the purpose of collecting and transporting protein and lipid products obtained from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Also referred to as the Golgi complex or Golgi body.

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Human Biology by Christine Miller is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, unless otherwise noted.Protein Biosynthesis starting with transcription and post-transcriptional modifications in the nucleus. The mature mRNA is exported to the cytoplasm where it is translated. The polypeptide chain folds and is post-translationally modified.

Protein biosynthesis (or protein synthesis) is a core biological process that occurs in cells, balancing the loss of cellular proteins (via degradation or export) through the production of new proteins. Proteins carry out a number of critical functions such as enzymes, structural proteins or hormones. Protein synthesis is a very similar process for both prokaryotes and eukaryotes but there are some distinct differences.

Protein synthesis can be broadly divided into two phases – transcription and translation. During transcription, a section of DNA that codes for a protein, known as ge, is converted into a template molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA). This conversion is carried out by enzymes, known as RNA polymerases, in the nucleus of the cell.

In eukaryotes, this mRNA is initially produced in a premature form (pre-mRNA), which undergoes post-transcriptional modifications to produce mature mRNA. The mature mRNA is exported from the cell nucleus via nuclear pores into the cytoplasm of the cell for translation to take place. During translation, the mRNA is read by ribosomes, which use the nucleotide sequence of the mRNA to determine the sequence of amino acids. The ribosomes catalyze the formation of covalent-peptide bonds between the coded amino acids to form a polypeptide chain.

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After translation, the polypeptide chain must fold to form a functional protein; for example, to function as a zyme, the polypeptide chain must fold correctly to produce a functional active site. To assume a functional three-dimensional (3D) shape, the polypeptide chain must first form a series of smaller underlying structures called secondary structures. The polypeptide chain in these secondary structures folds to produce the overall 3D tertiary structure. Once properly folded, the protein can undergo further maturation through various post-translational modifications. Post-translational modifications can change the protein’s ability to function, where it is located in the cell (eg cytoplasm or nucleus) and the protein’s ability to interact with other proteins.

Protein biosynthesis has a key role in disease because changes and errors in this process, through underlying DNA mutations or protein misfolding, are often the underlying causes of a disease. DNA mutations change the following mRNA sequence, which changes the amino acid sequence encoded by the mRNA. Mutations can cause the polypeptide chain to become shorter by inserting a stop sequence that causes premature termination of translation. Alternatively, a mutation in the mRNA sequence changes the specific amino acid encoded at that position in the polypeptide chain. This amino acid change can affect the protein’s ability to function or

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