What Is The Main Role Of Protein In The Body – Protein biosynthesis begins with transcription and post-transcriptional modifications in the nucleus. Th mature mRNA is exported to the cytoplasm where it is translated. The polypeptide chain th fold and is post-translationally modified.

Protein biosynthesis (or protein synthesis) is a basic biological process, occurring in cells, balancing the loss of cellular proteins (through damage or export) by the production of new proteins. Proteins perform a number of important functions as zymes, structural proteins or hormones. Protein synthesis is a very similar process for prokaryotes and eukaryotes but there are distinct differences.

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Protein synthesis can be broadly divided into two phases—transcription and translation. During transcription, a portion of the DNA coding for a protein, known as ge, is converted into a template molecule called message RNA (mRNA). This conversion is carried out by zymes, known as RNA polymerases, in the nucleus of the cell.

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In eukaryotes, this mRNA is initially produced in a premature form (pre-mRNA) which undergoes post-transcriptional modifications to produce the mature mRNA. Mature mRNA is exported from the cell membrane through nuclear pores to the cytoplasm of the cell for translation to occur. During translation, mRNA is read by ribosomes which use the nucleotide sequence of the mRNA to determine the sequence of amino acids. Ribosomes catalyze the formation of covalent peptide bonds between amino acids that code to form a polypeptide chain.

After translation, the polypeptide chain must be folded to form a functional protein; for example, to function as a zyme the polypeptide chain must fold correctly to produce the active site. To obtain a functional three-dimensional (3D) structure, a polypeptide chain must first form a series of smaller sub-units called sub-units. The polypeptide chain in these secondary structures folds to produce an overall 3D tertiary structure. Once properly folded, the protein can undergo further development through various post-translational modifications. Post-translational modifications can alter the protein’s ability to function, where it is within the cell (eg cytoplasm or nucleus) and the protein’s ability to interact with other proteins.

Protein biosynthesis has an important role in disease as changes and errors in this process, through DNA mutations or protein errors, are often the causative factors of a disease. DNA mutations alter the mRNA sequence, which in turn changes the amino acid coded mRNA. Mutations can shorten the polypeptide chain by increasing the stop sequence that causes premature termination of translation. Alternatively, a mutation in the mRNA sequence changes the specific amino acid encoded at that position in the polypeptide chain. This amino acid can affect the protein’s ability to function or to fold properly.

Misfolded proteins are often involved in disease as misfolded proteins have tdcy to stick together to form dse protein clusters. These clusters are linked to many diseases, often neurological, including Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.

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Transcription occurs in the nucleus using DNA as a template to produce mRNA. In eukaryotes, this mRNA molecule is known as pre-mRNA as it undergoes post-transcriptional modifications in the nucleus to produce a mature mRNA molecule. However, in prokaryotes transcriptional modifications are not required so the mature mRNA molecule is produced immediately by transcription.

Describe the structure of a nucleotide with 5 carbons labeled showing the 5′ nature of the phosphate group and the 3′ nature of the hydroxyl group needed to form phosphodiester bonds

Describe the internal direction of a DNA molecule with the coding strand running 5′ to 3′ and the complementary template strand running 3′ to 5′

Initially, a zyme known as helicase acts on the DNA molecule. DNA is a double helix structure made up of two, complementary polynucleotide strands, held together by hydrogen bonds between base pairs. The helicase breaks the hydro-bonds causing a DNA region – corresponding to the cut – to release, separating the two DNA strands and exposing the base sequence. Although DNA is a double-stranded molecule, one of the strands acts as a template for pre-mRNA synthesis – this strand is known as the template strand. The other DNA strand (which is complementary to the template strand) is known as the coding strand.

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Both DNA and RNA have intrinsic orientation, meaning that there are two distinct ds of the molecule. The property of orientation is due to the asymmetrical underlying nucleotide subunits, with a phosphate group on one side of the ptosis sugar and a base on the other. The five carbons in the ptose sugar are numbered from 1′ (where ‘ means first) to 5′. Therefore, phosphodiester bonds connecting nucleotides are joined by the hydroxyl group on the 3′ carbon of one nucleotide to the phosphate group on the 5′ carbon of another nucleotide. Hce, the coding strand of DNA runs in the 5′ to 3′ direction and the complementary, template DNA strand runs in the opposite direction from 3′ to 5’.

The RNA polymerase zyme binds to the exposed template strand and reads to cut in the 3′ to 5′ direction. At the same time, RNA polymerase synthesizes a strand of pre-mRNA in the 5′-to-3′ direction by forming phosphodiester bonds between activated nucleotides (free in the center) capable of making complementary base pairs with the template strand. . . After RNA polymerase transfer the two strands of DNA are recombined, so only 12 base pairs of DNA are exposed at a time.

RNA polymerase builds a pre-mRNA molecule at a rate of 20 nucleotides per second allowing the production of thousands of pre-mRNA molecules to be cut in one hour. Regardless of the fast rate of synthesis, the RNA polymerase zyme has its own folding patterns. Editing systems allow RNA polymerase to remove incorrect nucleotides (which do not match the template strand of DNA) from the growing pre-mRNA molecule through an excision reaction.

Wh RNA polymerases reach a specific DNA sequence which terminates transcription, the RNA polymerase is removed and mRNA synthesis is complete.

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The synthesized pre-mRNA molecule is complementary to the template DNA strand and shares the same nucleotide sequence as the coding DNA strand. However, there is a significant difference in the nucleotide composition of DNA and mRNA molecules. DNA is composed of bases – guanine, cytosine, adine and thymine (G, C, A and T) – RNA is also composed of four bases – guanine, cytosine, adine and uracil. In RNA molecules, the DNA base thymine is replaced by uracil which is able to form a base pair with adine. Therefore, in the pre-mRNA molecule, all complementary bases which would be tamin in the coding DNA strand are replaced by uracil.

Explain the process of post-transcriptionally modifying pre-mRNA by capping, polyadylation and splicing to produce a mature mRNA molecule ready for export from the nucleus.

The 5′ cap is added to the 5′ d of the pre-mRNA molecule and is composed of a guanine nucleotide modified by methylation. The purpose of the 5′ cap is to prevent cleavage of mature mRNA molecules before translation, the cap also helps bind the ribosome to the mRNA to initiate translation.

In contrast, the 3′ Poly(A) type is added to the 3′ end of the mRNA molecule and consists of 100-200 amino acids.

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These distinct mRNA changes enable the cell to see that the full mRNA message is intact if both the 5′ cap and the 3′ tail are present.

This modified pre-mRNA molecule takes over the process of RNA splicing. Genes are a combination of introns and exons, introns are nucleotide sequences that do not code for a protein whereas, exons are nucleotide segments that directly code for a protein. Introns and exons are perst in the underlying DNA sequence and the pre-mRNA molecule, therefore, to form a mature mRNA molecule that encodes a protein, splicing must occur.

During splicing, intervening introns are removed from the pre-mRNA molecule by a multi-protein complex known as the spliceosome (consisting of 150 proteins and RNA).

This mature mRNA molecule is then exported into the cytoplasm through nuclear pores in the envelope of the nucleus.

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Describe the translation process showing the cycle of tRNA codon-anti-codon pairing and amino acid incorporation into the growing polypeptide chain by the ribosome.

A ribosome on an mRNA strand with the presence of tRNA, making codon-anti-codon base pairing, delivering their amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain and moving. Demonstrate the role of the ribosome as a biological machine that operates on the nanoscale to make translation. The ribosome moves along the mature mRNA molecule synthesizing tRNA and forming a polypeptide chain.

During translation, ribosomes synthesize polypeptide chains from mRNA template molecules. In eukaryotes, translation occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell, where ribosomes are either free floating or attached to the doplasmic reticulum. In prokaryotes, which do not have a nucleus, the processes of both transcription and translation occur in the cytoplasm.

Ribosomes are complex molecular machines, made of a mixture of protein and ribosomal RNA, organized into two parts (a large part and a small part), which surround the mRNA molecule. The ribosome reads the mRNA molecule in the 5′-3′ direction and uses it as a template to determine the order.

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