What Is The Longest Organ In The Digestive System – The pancreas is an organ of the digestive system and docrine system of vertebrates. In humans, it is located in the stomach behind the stomach and acts as a gland. The pancreas is a mixed or heterocrine gland, meaning it has both a doctrinal and a digestive exocrine function.

As a docrine gland, it functions primarily to regulate blood sugar levels, releasing the hormones insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide. As part of the digestive system, it functions as an exocrine gland that secretes pancreatic juice into the duodum through the pancreatic duct. This juice contains bicarbonate, which neutralizes the acid in the duodenum from the stomach; and digestive zymes, which break down the carbohydrates, proteins and fats in food that leave the duodum from the stomach.

What Is The Longest Organ In The Digestive System

Inflammation of the pancreas is known as pancreatitis, with common causes including chronic alcohol use and gallstones. Because of its role in blood sugar regulation, the pancreas is also a key organ in diabetes mellitus. Pancreatic cancer can appear following chronic pancreatitis or due to other reasons, and carries a very poor prognosis, because it is often recognized after it has spread to other parts of the body.

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The word pancreas comes from the Greek πᾶν (pân, “all”) and κρεας (kréas, “flesh”). The function of the pancreas in diabetes has been known since 1889, with its role in insulin production recognized in 1921.

The pancreas (shown here in pink) sits in the back of the stomach, with its body near the curve of the duodum, and its tail extending to hold the spleen.

The pancreas is an organ that in humans lies in the abdomen, extending from the back of the abdomen to the upper left abdomen near the spleen. In adults, it is about 12–15 centimeters (4.7–5.9 in) long, lobulated, and salmon-colored in appearance.

Anatomically, the pancreas is divided into a head, neck, body, and tail. The pancreas extends from the inner curvature of the duodum, where the head surrounds two blood vessels: the superior mestric artery and vein. The longest part of the pancreas, the body, extends behind the stomach, and the tail of the pancreas is attached to the spleen.

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Two ducts, the main pancreatic duct and a smaller accessory pancreatic duct run through the body of the pancreas. The main pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct forming a small ballooning called the ampulla of Vater (hepatopancreatic ampulla). This ampulla is surrounded by a muscle, the sphincter of Oddi. This ampulla enters the descending part of the duodum. The opening of the common bile duct into the main pancreatic duct is controlled by Boyd’s sphincter. The accessory pancreatic duct enters the duodum with separate openings located above the opening of the main pancreatic duct.

The head of the pancreas sits within the curvature of the duodum, and wraps around the superior mesenteric artery and vein. On the right sits the descending portion of the duodum, and between them travel the superior and inferior pancreaticoduodal arteries. Behind lies the inferior va cava, and the common bile duct. In front sits the peritoneal membrane and the transverse colon.

A small uncinate process emerges from the bottom of the head, located behind the superior mesteric vein and sometimes artery.

The neck of the pancreas separates the head of the pancreas, located at the curvature of the duodenum, from the body. The neck is about 2 cm (0.79 in) in diameter, and is anterior to where the portal vein forms. The neck is behind the pylorus of the stomach, and is covered by the peritoneum. The anterior superior pancreaticoduodal artery travels in front of the neck of the pancreas.

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The body is the largest part of the pancreas, and lies mostly behind the abdomen, tapering along its length. The peritoneum sits over the body of the pancreas, and the transverse colon in front of the peritoneum.

Behind the pancreas are many blood vessels, including the aorta, the splice vein, and the left ral vein, as well as the beginning of the superior mestric artery.

Below the body of the pancreas lies some of the small intestine, particularly the last part of the duodenum and the jejunum where it connects, as well as the suspsory ligament of the duodenum which lies between the two. In front of the pancreas sits the transverse colon.

It is usually between 1.3–3.5 cm (0.51–1.38 in) long, and lies between the ligament layers between the spleen and the left kidney. The splice artery and vein, which also pass behind the body of the pancreas, pass behind the tail of the pancreas.

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The pancreas has a rich blood supply, with vessels arising as branches of both the celiac artery and the superior mesenteric artery.

The splice artery runs along the top of the pancreas, and supplies the left side of the body and the tail of the pancreas through its pancreatic branch, the largest of which is called the greater pancreatic artery.

The superior and inferior pancreaticoduodal arteries run on the back and front surfaces of the head of the pancreas adjacent to the duodum. These give the head of the pancreas. These vessels come together (anastamose) in the middle.

The lymphatic vessels of the body and tail drain into splice lymph nodes, and evtually into lymph nodes anterior to the aorta, between the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries. The lymphatic vessels of the head and neck drain into intermediate lymphatic vessels around the pancreaticoduodal, mestric and hepatic arteries, and from there to the lymph nodes anterior to the aorta.

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This image shows a pancreatic islet where pancreatic tissue has been stained and viewed under a microscope. Parts of the digestive (“exocrine”) pancreas can be seen around the islet, which is darker. They contain fuzzy dark purple granules of inactive digestive zymes (zymogs).

A pancreatic islet using fluoresct antibodies to show the location of different cell types in the pancreatic islet. Antibodies against glucagon, secreted by alpha cells, reflect their peripheral position. Antibodies against insulin, secreted by beta cells, show the more extensive and central position that these cells have.

The pancreas contains tissue with docrine and exocrine roles, and this division is also visible when the pancreas is viewed under a microscope.

Most of the pancreatic tissue has a role in digestion. Cells with this role form clusters (Latin: acini) around small ducts, and are arranged in lobes with thin fibrous walls. The cells of each acinus secrete inactive digestive zymes called zymogs into the small intercalated ducts that surround them. In each acinus, the cells are pyramid-shaped and located around intercalated ducts, with nuclei resting on the basemt membrane, a large doplasmic reticulum, and a number of zymog granules visible within the cytoplasm. Intercalated ducts drain into larger intralobular ducts within the lobule, and finally interlobular ducts. The ducts are lined by a single layer of columnar cells. There is more than one layer of cells as the diameter of the ducts increases.

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Tissues with a doctrinal role within the pancreas exist as clusters of cells called pancreatic islets (also called islets of Langerhans) distributed throughout the pancreas.

Pancreatic islets contain alpha cells, beta cells, and delta cells, each of which secretes different hormones. These cells have unique positions, with alpha cells (secreting glucagon) near the periphery of the islet, and beta cells (secreting insulin) more numerous and located throughout the islet.

The islets consist of up to 3,000 secretory cells, and contain several small arterioles to receive blood, and vules that allow hormones secreted by the cells to enter the systemic circulation.

There are several anatomical variations, which are related to the embryological development of the two pancreatic buds. The pancreas develops from these buds on either side of the duodum. The vtral bud rotates to lie next to the dorsal bud, which eventually fuses. In about 10% of adults, an accessory pancreatic duct may become perst if the main duct of the dorsal bud of the pancreas does not return; this duct enters the minor duodal papilla.

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If the two buds themselves, each with a duct, do not fuse, there may be a pancreas with two separate ducts, a condition known as pancreas divisum. This condition has no physiological consequences.

If the vtral bud does not rotate completely, an annular pancreas may exist, in which part or all of the duodum is encircled by the pancreas. This may be associated with duodal atresia.

Less than 100 of these ages are specifically expressed in the pancreas. Similar to the salivary glands, most pancreas-specific genes code for secreted proteins. Corresponding proteins specific to the pancreas may be expressed in the exocrine cellular compartment and have functions related to digestion or food such as digestive chymotrypsinog zymes and pancreatic lipase PNLIP, or expressed in various pancreatic islet cells and have secreted-related functions. hormones such as insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide.

The pancreas originates from the foregut, a precursor tube in part of the digestive tract, as a dorsal and vtral bud. As it grows, the vtral bud turns to the other side and the two buds fuse

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