What Is The Function Of The Frontal Cortex – Frontal lobe: The frontal lobe is the largest of the four major lobes of the cerebral cortex in the brain. The frontal lobe, located at the front of the brain, of each cerebral hemisphere before the temporal lobe and the parietal lobe. The frontal lobe is separated from the parietal lobe by a groove in tissues called the central sulcus, and from the temporal lobe by a deeper groove called the lateral sulcus. The most anteriorly rounded part of the frontal lobe is identified as the frontal pole, one of the three poles of the cerebrum.

The precentral gyrus, a part of the frontal lobe immediately anterior to the central sulcus, holds the primary motor cortex, which controls the voluntary actions of certain body parts.

What Is The Function Of The Frontal Cortex

The frontal lobe includes the maximum of the dopamine-sensitive neurons in the cerebral cortex. The dopaminergic system is linked with reward, attention, short-term memory tasks, planning and motivation. Dopamine serves to limit and select sensory information that reaches from the thalamus to the forebrain.

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The frontal lobe can be divided into a lateral, polar, orbital) and medial part. Each of these sections consists of a certain gyrus: On the lateral surface of the brain, the central sulcus divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe. The lateral sulcus divides the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe.

The gyri are divided by the sulci. The precentral gyrus is in front of the central sulcus and behind the precentral sulcus. The upper and middle frontal gyri are separated by the superior frontal sulcus. The middle and inferior frontal gyri are separated by the inferior frontal sulcus.

The frontal lobe is located towards the front of the cerebrum, just behind the forehead and below the frontal skull bones. It is located on top of the temporal lobe, in front of the parietal lobe, and separated from the occipital lobe, with pieces of the limbic system. The limbic system is sometimes called the limbic lobe, which crosses all four brain lobes, including the frontal lobe.

The central sulcus divides the frontal and parietal lobes, with the lateral sulcus divides the frontal and temporal lobes.

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The frontal lobe plays an extensive role in voluntary movement. The frontal lobe is home to the primary motor cortex that regulates activities such as walking.

The role of the frontal lobe includes the ability to project future outcomes that will occur from current actions, the choice between good and bad actions, the override and elimination of socially unacceptable responses, and the perception of similarities and differences between things or events. Thus, the frontal lobe plays an essential role in impulse control, including decisions about how to spend money and eat, and whether a selective decision is morally or socially acceptable.

The frontal lobe further plays an important role in integrating longer non-task based memories stored across the brain. Creation and retention of long-term memories, especially emotional memories derived from the limbic system. The frontal lobe transforms those emotions to generally conform to socially acceptable norms.

Dopamine, a neurotransmitter that plays a role in reward and motivation, is deeply active in the frontal lobe because most of the brain’s dopamine-sensitive neurons are found here.

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Psychological tests that measure frontal lobe function include finger tapping on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and tests of language and arithmetic skills.

The damage of the frontal lobe can occur in different ways and result in different results. Transient ischemic attacks are also known as mini-strokes, and stroke is a common condition of frontal lobe damage in older adults after 65 and over. These strokes and mini-strokes can happen by blocking blood flow to the brain or as a result of the bursting of an aneurysm in a cerebral artery. Other processes in which damage can occur include head injuries such as traumatic brain injury sustained after accidents, frontal lobe epilepsy which can occur at any age and Alzheimer’s disease or Parkinson’s disease which causes symptoms of dementia causes. and the different lobes of the brain along with their function, anatomy and physiology in this post!

The cerebrum is located superior/anterior to the cerebellum and brainstem, and the cerebrum functions by definition to integrate sensory stimuli, motor information and perform executive functions.

The cerebral cortex has 4 main lobes – frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe – and their location, function, and anatomy all differ.

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All together, the brain contains 6 lobes, the 4 most important ones mentioned, plus the insular and limbic lobes.

We will use labeled diagrams and lateral views of the brain (side views) to walk through each lobe of the cerebrum.

Every EZmed post is full of simple tricks to remember the content, and today is no different, as you will learn a useful way to remember the main features of each lobe!

The cerebrum is divided into 2 hemispheres (right and left) by a deep groove known as the longitudinal fissure.

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The 2 cerebral hemispheres are connected by the corpus callosum, so they communicate and send information to each other.

The cerebrum has many different functions, including memory, cognition, language, thought, judgment, reasoning, problem solving, decision making, attention, motor control, and sensory processing.

To enable the many advanced cognitive functions of the cerebrum, folds are formed in the cerebral cortex to increase its surface area in the cranium (skull) – a process known as gyrification.

This process creates a larger cortical surface within a smaller space, and greater cognitive functionality is possible as a result.

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The folded structure of the cerebral cortex has peaks called gyri (singular gyrus) and grooves called sulci (singular sulcus).

Image: The main components of the brain are the cerebrum (color), cerebellum and brainstem. The longitudinal fissure divides the cerebrum into 2 hemispheres (right and left) which are connected by the corpus callosum. Cerebral functions include executive functioning, motor control, and sensory processing. The cerebral cortex has a folded structure with peaks (gyri) and grooves (sulci).

The cerebrum has an outer layer of gray matter, known as the cerebral cortex, which surrounds the inner layer of white matter.

Each lobe includes specific cortical areas that perform the one or two primary functions of that lobe.

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Image: The cerebrum is made up of an outer layer of gray matter, known as the cerebral cortex, which surrounds the inner white matter layer. The cerebral cortex has 4 main lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal.

The frontal lobe is the largest lobe in the cerebral cortex and is located in the front of the brain as the name suggests.

Second, the lateral sulcus (also known as the Sylvian fissure) separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe.

Image: The central sulcus divides the frontal lobe (blue) and parietal lobe (yellow). The lateral sulcus (Sylvian fissure) separates the frontal lobe (blue) from the temporal lobe (green).

What Constitutes The Prefrontal Cortex?

While the frontal lobe has many different roles, its general function can be remembered by the word “Action”.

Starting with “mental actions”, the frontal lobe is responsible for executive functions such as problem solving, planning, judgment, motivation, social behavior, decision making, impulse control, personality, memory, learning, reward and attention.

Image: The frontal lobe (blue) is involved in “mental actions” or executive functions such as problem solving, decision making, planning, behavior, etc.

In addition to “mental actions”, the frontal lobe is also involved in “physical actions” including the planning, control and execution of voluntary muscle movements.

Planning Of Movement

There are specific cortical areas within the frontal lobe responsible for these executive functions (mental actions) and voluntary motor movements (physical actions).

Just before the central sulcus is a gyrus called the precentral gyrus, and it is the site of the functional area known as the primary motor cortex.

The primary motor cortex sends motor information through the spinal cord and out to skeletal muscles to tell them to move.

Generally speaking as you travel from the medial aspect of the primary motor cortex to the lateral aspect, you will travel from the lower extremities to the upper body.

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For example, the medial aspect of the primary motor cortex controls voluntary movements to the lower extremities, and the lateral aspect of the primary motor cortex controls voluntary movements to the upper extremities and face.

Furthermore, the left primary motor cortex (left hemisphere) will control most of the movements to the right side of the body, and the right primary motor cortex (right hemisphere) will control most of the movements to the left side of the body.

Image: The primary motor cortex (red) is located anterior to the central sulcus on the precentral gyrus, and it is involved in voluntary muscle movement. The medial aspect of the premotor cortex controls motor movements to the lower extremities, while the lateral aspect controls motor movements to the upper extremities and face.

The common theme you will see among all the lobes is that each primary cortex has an association cortex.

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The function of the motor association cortex is to plan and coordinate movements, while the primary motor cortex is more involved in actually performing the movement itself.

Image: The motor association cortex (purple) consists of the premotor cortex and supplementary motor cortex. It is located anterior to the primary motor cortex (red) and is involved in planning and coordination

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